chore: remove field_type and value_len from secrets schema

- Drop field_type, value_len from secrets and secrets_history tables
- Remove infer_field_type, compute_value_len from add.rs
- Simplify search output to field names only
- Update AGENTS.md, README.md documentation

Bump version to 0.9.4

Made-with: Cursor

.gitea/workflows/secrets.yml

@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ permissions:
 
 env:
   BINARY_NAME: secrets
+  SECRETS_UPGRADE_URL: ${{ github.server_url }}/api/v1/repos/${{ github.repository }}/releases/latest
   CARGO_INCREMENTAL: 0
   CARGO_NET_RETRY: 10
   CARGO_TERM_COLOR: always

.vscode/tasks.json

@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@
     {
       "label": "test: add with file secret",
       "type": "shell",
-      "command": "echo '--- add key from file ---' && ./target/debug/secrets add -n test --kind key --name test-key --tag test -s content=@./refining/keys/Vultr && echo '--- verify metadata ---' && ./target/debug/secrets search -n test --kind key && echo '--- verify inject ---' && ./target/debug/secrets inject -n test --kind key --name test-key && echo '--- cleanup ---' && ./target/debug/secrets delete -n test --kind key --name test-key",
+      "command": "echo '--- add key from file ---' && ./target/debug/secrets add -n test --kind key --name test-key --tag test -s content=@./test-fixtures/example-key.pem && echo '--- verify metadata ---' && ./target/debug/secrets search -n test --kind key && echo '--- verify inject ---' && ./target/debug/secrets inject -n test --kind key --name test-key && echo '--- cleanup ---' && ./target/debug/secrets delete -n test --kind key --name test-key",
       "dependsOn": "build"
     }
   ]

AGENTS.md

@@ -28,9 +28,12 @@ secrets/
       search.rs          # search 命令：多条件查询，展示 secrets 字段 schema（无需 master_key）
       delete.rs          # delete 命令：事务化，CASCADE 删除 secrets，含历史快照
       update.rs          # update 命令：增量更新，secrets 行级 UPSERT/DELETE，CAS 并发保护
-      rollback.rs        # rollback / history 命令：按 entry_version 恢复 entry + secrets
+      rollback.rs        # rollback 命令：按 entry_version 恢复 entry + secrets
+      history.rs         # history 命令：查看 entry 变更历史列表
       run.rs             # inject / run 命令：逐字段解密 + key_ref 引用解析
       upgrade.rs         # upgrade 命令：检查、校验摘要并下载最新版本，自动替换二进制
+      export_cmd.rs      # export 命令：批量导出记录，支持 JSON/TOML/YAML，含解密明文
+      import_cmd.rs      # import 命令：批量导入记录，冲突检测，dry-run，重新加密写入
   scripts/
     release-check.sh        # 发版前检查版本号/tag 是否重复，并执行 fmt/clippy/test
     setup-gitea-actions.sh  # 配置 Gitea Actions 变量与 Secrets
@@ -68,8 +71,6 @@ secrets (
   id          UUID PRIMARY KEY DEFAULT uuidv7(),
   entry_id    UUID         NOT NULL REFERENCES entries(id) ON DELETE CASCADE,
   field_name  VARCHAR(256) NOT NULL,              -- 明文字段名: "username", "token", "ssh_key"
-  field_type  VARCHAR(32)  NOT NULL DEFAULT 'string', -- 明文类型: "string"|"number"|"boolean"|"json"
-  value_len   INT          NOT NULL DEFAULT 0,    -- 明文原始值字符数（PEM≈4096，token≈40）
   encrypted   BYTEA        NOT NULL DEFAULT '\x', -- 仅加密值本身：nonce(12B)||ciphertext+tag
   version     BIGINT       NOT NULL DEFAULT 1,
   created_at  TIMESTAMPTZ  NOT NULL DEFAULT NOW(),
@@ -127,8 +128,6 @@ secrets_history (
   secret_id       UUID         NOT NULL,  -- 对应 secrets.id
   entry_version   BIGINT       NOT NULL,  -- 关联 entries_history 的版本号
   field_name      VARCHAR(256) NOT NULL,
-  field_type      VARCHAR(32)  NOT NULL DEFAULT 'string',
-  value_len       INT          NOT NULL DEFAULT 0,
   encrypted       BYTEA        NOT NULL DEFAULT '\x',
   action          VARCHAR(16)  NOT NULL,   -- 'add' | 'update' | 'delete' | 'rollback'
   actor           VARCHAR(128) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
@@ -142,12 +141,10 @@ secrets_history (
 |------|--------|------|
 | `namespace` | 项目/团队隔离 | `refining`, `ricnsmart` |
 | `kind` | 记录类型 | `server`, `service`, `key` |
-| `name` | 唯一标识名 | `i-uf63f2uookgs5uxmrdyc`, `gitea` |
+| `name` | 唯一标识名 | `i-example0abcd1234efgh`, `gitea` |
 | `tags` | 多维分类标签 | `["aliyun","hongkong","ricn"]` |
-| `metadata` | 明文非敏感信息 | `{"ip":"47.243.154.187","desc":"Grafana","key_ref":"ricn-hk-260127"}` |
+| `metadata` | 明文非敏感信息 | `{"ip":"192.0.2.1","desc":"Grafana","key_ref":"my-shared-key"}` |
 | `secrets.field_name` | 加密字段名（明文） | `"username"`, `"token"`, `"ssh_key"` |
-| `secrets.field_type` | 值类型（明文） | `"string"`, `"number"`, `"boolean"`, `"json"` |
-| `secrets.value_len` | 原始值字符数（明文） | `4`（root），`40`（token），`4096`（PEM） |
 | `secrets.encrypted` | 仅加密值本身 | AES-256-GCM 密文 |
 
 ### PEM 共享机制（key_ref）
@@ -156,17 +153,17 @@ secrets_history (
 
 ```bash
 # 1. 存共享 PEM
-secrets add -n refining --kind key --name ricn-hk-260127 \
+secrets add -n refining --kind key --name my-shared-key \
   --tag aliyun --tag hongkong \
-  -s content=@./keys/ricn-hk-260127.pem
+  -s content=@./keys/my-shared-key.pem
 
 # 2. 服务器通过 metadata.key_ref 引用（inject/run 时自动合并 key 的 secrets）
-secrets add -n refining --kind server --name i-j6c39dmtkr26vztii0ox \
-  -m ip=47.243.154.187 -m key_ref=ricn-hk-260127 \
+secrets add -n refining --kind server --name i-example0xyz789 \
+  -m ip=192.0.2.1 -m key_ref=my-shared-key \
   -s username=ecs-user
 
 # 3. 轮换只需更新 key 记录，所有引用服务器自动生效
-secrets update -n refining --kind key --name ricn-hk-260127 \
+secrets update -n refining --kind key --name my-shared-key \
   -s content=@./keys/new-key.pem
 ```
 
@@ -228,7 +225,7 @@ secrets init
 # 参数说明（带典型值）
 #   -n / --namespace   refining | ricnsmart
 #   --kind             server | service
-#   --name             gitea | i-uf63f2uookgs5uxmrdyc | mqtt
+#   --name             gitea | i-example0abcd1234efgh | mqtt
 #   --tag              aliyun | hongkong | production
 #   -q / --query       mqtt | grafana | gitea   （模糊匹配 name/namespace/kind/tags/metadata）
 #   secrets schema  search 默认展示 secrets 字段名、类型与长度（无需 master_key）
@@ -246,7 +243,7 @@ secrets search --sort updated --limit 10 --summary
 
 # 精确定位单条记录
 secrets search -n refining --kind service --name gitea
-secrets search -n refining --kind server --name i-uf63f2uookgs5uxmrdyc
+secrets search -n refining --kind server --name i-example0abcd1234efgh
 
 # 精确定位并获取完整内容（secrets 保持加密占位）
 secrets search -n refining --kind service --name gitea -o json
@@ -263,7 +260,7 @@ secrets run -n refining --kind service --name gitea -- printenv
 # 模糊关键词搜索
 secrets search -q mqtt
 secrets search -q grafana
-secrets search -q 47.117
+secrets search -q 192.0.2
 
 # 按条件过滤
 secrets search -n refining --kind service
@@ -287,31 +284,31 @@ secrets search -n refining --kind service | jq '.[].name'
 # 参数说明（带典型值）
 #   -n / --namespace   refining | ricnsmart
 #   --kind             server | service
-#   --name             gitea | i-uf63f2uookgs5uxmrdyc
+#   --name             gitea | i-example0abcd1234efgh
 #   --tag              aliyun | hongkong（可重复）
-#   -m / --meta        ip=47.117.131.22 | desc="Aliyun ECS" | url=https://... | tls:cert@./cert.pem（可重复）
+#   -m / --meta        ip=10.0.0.1 | desc="ECS" | url=https://... | tls:cert@./cert.pem（可重复）
 #   -s / --secret      token=<value> | ssh_key=@./key.pem | password=secret123 | credentials:content@./key.pem（可重复）
 
 # 添加服务器
-secrets add -n refining --kind server --name i-uf63f2uookgs5uxmrdyc \
+secrets add -n refining --kind server --name i-example0abcd1234efgh \
   --tag aliyun --tag shanghai \
-  -m ip=47.117.131.22 -m desc="Aliyun Shanghai ECS" \
-  -s username=root -s ssh_key=@./keys/voson_shanghai_e.pem
+  -m ip=10.0.0.1 -m desc="Aliyun Shanghai ECS" \
+  -s username=root -s ssh_key=@./keys/deploy-key.pem
 
 # 添加服务凭据
 secrets add -n refining --kind service --name gitea \
   --tag gitea \
-  -m url=https://gitea.refining.dev -m default_org=refining -m username=voson \
+  -m url=https://code.example.com -m default_org=refining -m username=voson \
   -s token=<token> -s runner_token=<runner_token>
 
 # 从文件读取 token
 secrets add -n ricnsmart --kind service --name mqtt \
-  -m host=mqtt.ricnsmart.com -m port=1883 \
+  -m host=mqtt.example.com -m port=1883 \
   -s password=@./mqtt_password.txt
 
 # 多行文件直接写入嵌套 secret 字段
-secrets add -n refining --kind server --name i-uf63f2uookgs5uxmrdyc \
-  -s credentials:content@./keys/voson_shanghai_e.pem
+secrets add -n refining --kind server --name i-example0abcd1234efgh \
+  -s credentials:content@./keys/deploy-key.pem
 
 # 使用类型化值（key:=<json>）存储非字符串类型
 secrets add -n refining --kind service --name prometheus \
@@ -331,7 +328,7 @@ secrets add -n refining --kind service --name prometheus \
 # 参数说明（带典型值）
 #   -n / --namespace   refining | ricnsmart
 #   --kind             server | service
-#   --name             gitea | i-uf63f2uookgs5uxmrdyc
+#   --name             gitea | i-example0abcd1234efgh
 #   --add-tag          production | backup（不影响已有 tag，可重复）
 #   --remove-tag       staging | deprecated（可重复）
 #   -m / --meta        ip=10.0.0.1 | desc="新描述" | credentials:username=root（新增或覆盖，可重复）
@@ -340,7 +337,7 @@ secrets add -n refining --kind service --name prometheus \
 #   --remove-secret    old_password | deprecated_key | credentials:content（删除 secret 字段，可重复）
 
 # 更新单个 metadata 字段
-secrets update -n refining --kind server --name i-uf63f2uookgs5uxmrdyc \
+secrets update -n refining --kind server --name i-example0abcd1234efgh \
   -m ip=10.0.0.1
 
 # 轮换 token
@@ -357,11 +354,11 @@ secrets update -n refining --kind service --name mqtt \
   --remove-meta old_port --remove-secret old_password
 
 # 从文件更新嵌套 secret 字段
-secrets update -n refining --kind server --name i-uf63f2uookgs5uxmrdyc \
-  -s credentials:content@./keys/voson_shanghai_e.pem
+secrets update -n refining --kind server --name i-example0abcd1234efgh \
+  -s credentials:content@./keys/deploy-key.pem
 
 # 删除嵌套字段
-secrets update -n refining --kind server --name i-uf63f2uookgs5uxmrdyc \
+secrets update -n refining --kind server --name i-example0abcd1234efgh \
   --remove-secret credentials:content
 
 # 移除 tag
@@ -370,19 +367,34 @@ secrets update -n refining --kind service --name gitea --remove-tag staging
 
 ---
 
-### delete — 删除记录
+### delete — 删除记录（支持单条精确删除与批量删除）
+
+删除时会自动将 entry 与所有关联 secret 字段快照到历史表，并写入审计日志，可通过 `rollback` 命令恢复。
 
 ```bash
 # 参数说明（带典型值）
-#   -n / --namespace   refining | ricnsmart
-#   --kind             server | service
-#   --name             gitea | i-uf63f2uookgs5uxmrdyc（必须精确匹配）
+#   -n / --namespace   refining | ricnsmart（必填）
+#   --kind             server | service（指定 --name 时必填；批量时可选）
+#   --name             gitea | i-example0abcd1234efgh（精确匹配；省略则批量删除）
+#   --dry-run          预览将删除的记录，不实际写入（仅批量模式有效）
+#   -o / --output      text | json | json-compact
 
-# 删除服务凭据
+# 精确删除单条记录（--kind 必填）
 secrets delete -n refining --kind service --name legacy-mqtt
-
-# 删除服务器记录
 secrets delete -n ricnsmart --kind server --name i-old-server-id
+
+# 预览批量删除（不写入数据库）
+secrets delete -n refining --dry-run
+secrets delete -n ricnsmart --kind server --dry-run
+
+# 批量删除整个 namespace 的所有记录
+secrets delete -n ricnsmart
+
+# 批量删除 namespace 下指定 kind 的所有记录
+secrets delete -n ricnsmart --kind server
+
+# JSON 输出
+secrets delete -n refining --kind service -o json
 ```
 
 ---
@@ -481,7 +493,9 @@ secrets run -n refining --kind service --name gitea -- printenv
 
 ### upgrade — 自动更新 CLI 二进制
 
-从 Gitea Release 下载最新版本，校验对应 `.sha256` 摘要后替换当前二进制，无需数据库连接或主密钥。
+从 Release 服务器下载最新版本，校验对应 `.sha256` 摘要后替换当前二进制，无需数据库连接或主密钥。
+
+**配置方式**：`SECRETS_UPGRADE_URL` 必填。优先用**构建时**：`SECRETS_UPGRADE_URL=https://... cargo build`，CI 已自动注入。或**运行时**：写在 `.env` 或 `export` 后执行。
 
 ```bash
 # 检查是否有新版本（不下载）
@@ -493,6 +507,75 @@ secrets upgrade
 
 ---
 
+### export — 批量导出记录
+
+将匹配的记录（含解密后的明文 secrets）导出到文件或 stdout。支持 JSON、TOML、YAML 三种格式，文件格式由扩展名自动推断。使用 `--no-secrets` 时无需主密钥。
+
+```bash
+# 参数说明
+# -n / --namespace refining | ricnsmart
+# --kind server | service
+# --name gitea | i-example0abcd1234efgh
+# --tag aliyun | production（可重复）
+# -q / --query 模糊关键词
+# --file <path>   输出文件路径，格式由扩展名推断（.json / .toml / .yaml / .yml）
+# --format json | toml | yaml   显式指定格式（输出到 stdout 时必须指定）
+# --no-secrets    不导出 secrets，无需主密钥
+
+# 全量导出到 JSON 文件
+secrets export --file backup.json
+
+# 按 namespace 导出为 TOML
+secrets export -n refining --file refining.toml
+
+# 按 kind 导出为 YAML
+secrets export -n refining --kind service --file services.yaml
+
+# 按 tag 过滤导出
+secrets export --tag production --file prod.json
+
+# 模糊关键词导出
+secrets export -q mqtt --file mqtt.json
+
+# 仅导出 schema（不含 secrets，无需主密钥）
+secrets export --no-secrets --file schema.json
+
+# 输出到 stdout（必须指定 --format）
+secrets export -n refining --format yaml
+secrets export --format json | jq '.'
+```
+
+---
+
+### import — 批量导入记录
+
+从导出文件读取记录并写入数据库，自动重新加密 secrets。支持 JSON、TOML、YAML 三种格式，文件格式由扩展名自动推断。
+
+```bash
+# 参数说明
+# <file>        必选，输入文件路径（格式由扩展名推断）
+# --force       冲突时覆盖已有记录（默认：报错并停止）
+# --dry-run     预览将执行的操作，不写入数据库
+# -o / --output text | json | json-compact
+
+# 导入 JSON 文件（遇到已存在记录报错）
+secrets import backup.json
+
+# 导入 TOML 文件，冲突时覆盖
+secrets import --force refining.toml
+
+# 导入 YAML 文件，冲突时覆盖
+secrets import --force services.yaml
+
+# 预览将执行的操作（不写入）
+secrets import --dry-run backup.json
+
+# JSON 格式输出导入摘要
+secrets import backup.json -o json
+```
+
+---
+
 ### config — 配置管理（无需主密钥）
 
 ```bash
@@ -592,5 +675,6 @@ cargo fmt -- --check && cargo clippy -- -D warnings && cargo test
 |------|------|
 | `RUST_LOG` | 日志级别，如 `secrets=debug`、`secrets=trace`（默认 warn） |
 | `USER` | 审计日志 actor 字段来源，Shell 自动设置，通常无需手动配置 |
+| `SECRETS_UPGRADE_URL` | upgrade 的 Release API 地址。构建时（cargo build）或运行时（.env/export） |
 
 数据库连接通过 `secrets config set-db` 持久化到 `~/.config/secrets/config.toml`，不支持环境变量。

Cargo.lock

@@ -1836,7 +1836,7 @@ checksum = "94143f37725109f92c262ed2cf5e59bce7498c01bcc1502d7b9afe439a4e9f49"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "secrets"
-version = "0.8.0"
+version = "0.9.4"
 dependencies = [
  "aes-gcm",
  "anyhow",
@@ -1844,6 +1844,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "chrono",
  "clap",
  "dirs",
+ "dotenvy",
  "flate2",
  "keyring",
  "rand 0.10.0",
@@ -1853,6 +1854,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "semver",
  "serde",
  "serde_json",
+ "serde_yaml",
  "sha2",
  "sqlx",
  "tar",
@@ -1982,6 +1984,19 @@ dependencies = [
  "serde",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "serde_yaml"
+version = "0.9.34+deprecated"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "6a8b1a1a2ebf674015cc02edccce75287f1a0130d394307b36743c2f5d504b47"
+dependencies = [
+ "indexmap",
+ "itoa",
+ "ryu",
+ "serde",
+ "unsafe-libyaml",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "sha1"
 version = "0.10.6"
@@ -2434,7 +2449,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "bytes",
  "libc",
  "mio",
- "parking_lot",
  "pin-project-lite",
  "signal-hook-registry",
  "socket2",
@@ -2681,6 +2695,12 @@ dependencies = [
  "subtle",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "unsafe-libyaml"
+version = "0.2.11"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "673aac59facbab8a9007c7f6108d11f63b603f7cabff99fabf650fea5c32b861"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "untrusted"
 version = "0.9.0"

Cargo.toml

@@ -1,31 +1,33 @@
 [package]
 name = "secrets"
-version = "0.8.0"
+version = "0.9.4"
 edition = "2024"
 
 [dependencies]
-aes-gcm = "0.10.3"
-anyhow = "1.0.102"
-argon2 = { version = "0.5.3", features = ["std"] }
-chrono = { version = "0.4.44", features = ["serde"] }
-clap = { version = "4.6.0", features = ["derive"] }
-dirs = "6.0.0"
-flate2 = "1.1.9"
-keyring = { version = "3.6.3", features = ["apple-native", "windows-native", "linux-native"] }
-rand = "0.10.0"
-reqwest = { version = "0.12", default-features = false, features = ["rustls-tls", "json"] }
-rpassword = "7.4.0"
-self-replace = "1.5.0"
-semver = "1.0.27"
-serde = { version = "1.0.228", features = ["derive"] }
-serde_json = "1.0.149"
-sha2 = "0.10.9"
-sqlx = { version = "0.8.6", features = ["runtime-tokio", "tls-rustls", "postgres", "uuid", "json", "chrono"] }
-tar = "0.4.44"
-tempfile = "3.19"
-tokio = { version = "1.50.0", features = ["full"] }
-toml = "1.0.7"
-tracing = "0.1"
-tracing-subscriber = { version = "0.3", features = ["env-filter"] }
-uuid = { version = "1.22.0", features = ["serde"] }
-zip = { version = "8.2.0", default-features = false, features = ["deflate"] }
+aes-gcm = "^0.10.3"
+anyhow = "^1.0.102"
+argon2 = { version = "^0.5.3", features = ["std"] }
+chrono = { version = "^0.4.44", features = ["serde"] }
+clap = { version = "^4.6.0", features = ["derive"] }
+dirs = "^6.0.0"
+dotenvy = "^0.15"
+flate2 = "^1.1.9"
+keyring = { version = "^3.6.3", features = ["apple-native", "windows-native", "linux-native"] }
+rand = "^0.10.0"
+reqwest = { version = "^0.12", default-features = false, features = ["rustls-tls", "json"] }
+rpassword = "^7.4.0"
+self-replace = "^1.5.0"
+semver = "^1.0.27"
+serde = { version = "^1.0.228", features = ["derive"] }
+serde_json = "^1.0.149"
+serde_yaml = "^0.9"
+sha2 = "^0.10.9"
+sqlx = { version = "^0.8.6", features = ["runtime-tokio", "tls-rustls", "postgres", "uuid", "json", "chrono"] }
+tar = "^0.4.44"
+tempfile = "^3.19"
+tokio = { version = "^1.50.0", features = ["rt-multi-thread", "macros", "fs", "io-util", "process", "signal"] }
+toml = "^1.0.7"
+tracing = "^0.1"
+tracing-subscriber = { version = "^0.3", features = ["env-filter"] }
+uuid = { version = "^1.22.0", features = ["serde"] }
+zip = { version = "^8.2.0", default-features = false, features = ["deflate"] }

README.md

@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ secrets search --sort updated --limit 10 --summary
 # 精确定位（namespace + kind + name 三元组）
 secrets search -n refining --kind service --name gitea
 
-# 获取完整记录（含 secrets 字段 schema：field_name、field_type、value_len，无需 master_key）
+# 获取完整记录（含 secrets 字段名，无需 master_key）
 secrets search -n refining --kind service --name gitea -o json
 
 # 直接提取单个 metadata 字段值（最短路径）
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ secrets inject -n refining --kind service --name gitea
 secrets run -n refining --kind service --name gitea -- printenv
 ```
 
-`search` 展示 metadata 与 secrets 的字段 schema（字段名、类型、长度），不展示 secret 值本身；需要值时用 `inject` / `run`。
+`search` 展示 metadata 与 secrets 的字段名，不展示 secret 值本身；需要值时用 `inject` / `run`。
 
 ### 输出格式
 
@@ -103,6 +103,8 @@ secrets update --help
 secrets delete --help
 secrets config --help
 secrets upgrade --help     # 检查并更新 CLI 版本
+secrets export --help      # 批量导出（JSON/TOML/YAML）
+secrets import --help      # 批量导入（JSON/TOML/YAML）
 
 # ── search ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 secrets search --summary --limit 20                        # 发现概览
@@ -118,7 +120,7 @@ secrets search -n refining --summary --limit 10 --offset 10  # 翻页
 # ── add ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 secrets add -n refining --kind server --name my-server \
   --tag aliyun --tag shanghai \
-  -m ip=47.117.131.22 -m desc="Aliyun Shanghai ECS" \
+  -m ip=10.0.0.1 -m desc="Example ECS" \
   -s username=root -s ssh_key=@./keys/server.pem
 
 # 多行文件直接写入嵌套 secret 字段
@@ -134,7 +136,7 @@ secrets add -n refining --kind service --name deploy-bot \
 
 secrets add -n refining --kind service --name gitea \
   --tag gitea \
-  -m url=https://gitea.refining.dev -m default_org=refining \
+  -m url=https://code.example.com -m default_org=myorg \
   -s token=<token>
 
 # ── update ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
@@ -144,7 +146,10 @@ secrets update -n refining --kind service --name mqtt --remove-meta old_port --r
 secrets update -n refining --kind server --name my-server --remove-secret credentials:content
 
 # ── delete ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
-secrets delete -n refining --kind service --name legacy-mqtt
+secrets delete -n refining --kind service --name legacy-mqtt   # 精确删除单条（--kind 必填）
+secrets delete -n refining --dry-run                          # 预览批量删除（不写入）
+secrets delete -n ricnsmart                                    # 批量删除整个 namespace
+secrets delete -n ricnsmart --kind server                      # 批量删除指定 kind
 
 # ── init ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 secrets init              # 主密钥初始化（每台设备一次，主密码至少 8 位，派生后存钥匙串）
@@ -156,7 +161,21 @@ secrets config path    # 打印配置文件路径
 
 # ── upgrade ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 secrets upgrade --check   # 仅检查是否有新版本
-secrets upgrade           # 下载、校验 SHA-256 并安装最新版（从 Gitea Release）
+secrets upgrade           # 下载、校验 SHA-256 并安装最新版（可通过 SECRETS_UPGRADE_URL 自托管）
+
+# ── export ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+secrets export --file backup.json                        # 全量导出到 JSON
+secrets export -n refining --file refining.toml          # 按 namespace 导出为 TOML
+secrets export -n refining --kind service --file svc.yaml   # 按 kind 导出为 YAML
+secrets export --tag production --file prod.json         # 按 tag 过滤
+secrets export -q mqtt --file mqtt.json                   # 模糊搜索导出
+secrets export --no-secrets --file schema.json           # 仅导出 schema（无需主密钥）
+secrets export -n refining --format yaml                  # 输出到 stdout，指定格式
+
+# ── import ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+secrets import backup.json                               # 导入（冲突时报错）
+secrets import --force refining.toml                     # 冲突时覆盖已有记录
+secrets import --dry-run backup.yaml                     # 预览将要执行的操作（不写入）
 
 # ── 调试 ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 secrets --verbose search -q mqtt
@@ -165,7 +184,7 @@ RUST_LOG=secrets=trace secrets search
 
 ## 数据模型
 
-主表 `entries`（namespace、kind、name、tags、metadata）+ 子表 `secrets`（每个加密字段一行，含 field_name、field_type、value_len、encrypted）。首次连接自动建表；同时创建 `audit_log`、`entries_history`、`secrets_history` 等表。
+主表 `entries`（namespace、kind、name、tags、metadata）+ 子表 `secrets`（每个加密字段一行，含 field_name、encrypted）。首次连接自动建表；同时创建 `audit_log`、`entries_history`、`secrets_history` 等表。
 
 | 位置 | 字段 | 说明 |
 |------|------|------|
@@ -174,7 +193,7 @@ RUST_LOG=secrets=trace secrets search
 | entries | name | 人类可读唯一标识 |
 | entries | tags | 多维标签，如 `["aliyun","hongkong"]` |
 | entries | metadata | 明文描述（ip、desc、domains、key_ref 等） |
-| secrets | field_name / field_type / value_len | 明文，search 可见，AI 可推断 inject 会生成什么变量 |
+| secrets | field_name | 明文，search 可见，AI 可推断 inject 会生成什么变量 |
 | secrets | encrypted | 仅加密值本身，AES-256-GCM |
 
 `-m` / `--meta` 写入 `metadata`，`-s` / `--secret` 写入 `secrets` 表的独立行。支持 `key=value`、`key=@file`、`key:=<json>`，也支持 `credentials:content@./key.pem` 这类嵌套字段文件写入；删除时支持 `--remove-secret credentials:content`。加解密使用主密钥（由 `secrets init` 设置）。
@@ -187,12 +206,12 @@ RUST_LOG=secrets=trace secrets search
 
 | 目标值 | 写法示例 | 实际存入 |
 |------|------|------|
-| 普通字符串 | `-m url=https://gitea.refining.dev` | `"https://gitea.refining.dev"` |
+| 普通字符串 | `-m url=https://code.example.com` | `"https://code.example.com"` |
 | 文件内容字符串 | `-m notes=@./service-notes.txt` | `"..."` |
 | 布尔值 | `-m enabled:=true` | `true` |
 | 数字 | `-m port:=3000` | `3000` |
 | `null` | `-m deprecated_at:=null` | `null` |
-| 数组 | `-m domains:='["gitea.refining.dev","git.refining.dev"]'` | `["gitea.refining.dev","git.refining.dev"]` |
+| 数组 | `-m domains:='["code.example.com","git.example.com"]'` | `["code.example.com","git.example.com"]` |
 | 对象 | `-m tls:='{"enabled":true,"redirect_http":true}'` | `{"enabled":true,"redirect_http":true}` |
 | 嵌套路径 + JSON | `-m deploy:strategy:='{"type":"rolling","batch":2}'` | `{"deploy":{"strategy":{"type":"rolling","batch":2}}}` |
 
@@ -207,10 +226,10 @@ RUST_LOG=secrets=trace secrets search
 
 ```bash
 secrets add -n refining --kind service --name gitea \
-  -m url=https://gitea.refining.dev \
+  -m url=https://code.example.com \
   -m port:=3000 \
   -m enabled:=true \
-  -m domains:='["gitea.refining.dev","git.refining.dev"]' \
+  -m domains:='["code.example.com","git.example.com"]' \
   -m tls:='{"enabled":true,"redirect_http":true}'
 ```
 
@@ -297,6 +316,8 @@ src/
     rollback.rs    # rollback / history：按 entry_version 恢复
     run.rs         # inject / run，逐字段解密 + key_ref 引用解析
     upgrade.rs     # 从 Gitea Release 自更新
+    export_cmd.rs  # export：批量导出，支持 JSON/TOML/YAML，含解密明文
+    import_cmd.rs  # import：批量导入，冲突检测，dry-run，重新加密写入
 scripts/
   setup-gitea-actions.sh  # 配置 Gitea Actions 变量与 Secrets
 ```

src/audit.rs

@@ -1,6 +1,11 @@
 use serde_json::Value;
 use sqlx::{Postgres, Transaction};
 
+/// Return the current OS user as the audit actor (falls back to empty string).
+pub fn current_actor() -> String {
+    std::env::var("USER").unwrap_or_default()
+}
+
 /// Write an audit entry within an existing transaction.
 pub async fn log_tx(
     tx: &mut Transaction<'_, Postgres>,
@@ -10,7 +15,7 @@ pub async fn log_tx(
     name: &str,
     detail: Value,
 ) {
-    let actor = std::env::var("USER").unwrap_or_default();
+    let actor = current_actor();
     let result: Result<_, sqlx::Error> = sqlx::query(
         "INSERT INTO audit_log (action, namespace, kind, name, detail, actor) \
          VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5, $6)",

src/commands/add.rs

@@ -5,7 +5,8 @@ use std::fs;
 
 use crate::crypto;
 use crate::db;
-use crate::output::OutputMode;
+use crate::models::EntryRow;
+use crate::output::{OutputMode, print_json};
 
 // ── Key/value parsing helpers (shared with update.rs) ───────────────────────
 
@@ -160,28 +161,6 @@ pub(crate) fn remove_path(map: &mut Map<String, Value>, path: &[String]) -> Resu
     Ok(removed)
 }
 
-// ── field_type inference and value_len ──────────────────────────────────────
-
-/// Infer the field type string from a JSON value.
-pub(crate) fn infer_field_type(v: &Value) -> &'static str {
-    match v {
-        Value::String(_) => "string",
-        Value::Number(_) => "number",
-        Value::Bool(_) => "boolean",
-        Value::Null => "string",
-        Value::Array(_) | Value::Object(_) => "json",
-    }
-}
-
-/// Compute the plaintext length of a JSON value (chars for string, serialized length otherwise).
-pub(crate) fn compute_value_len(v: &Value) -> i32 {
-    match v {
-        Value::String(s) => s.chars().count() as i32,
-        Value::Null => 0,
-        other => other.to_string().chars().count() as i32,
-    }
-}
-
 /// Flatten a (potentially nested) JSON object into dot-separated field entries.
 /// e.g. `{"credentials": {"type": "ssh", "content": "..."}}` →
 ///   `[("credentials.type", "ssh"), ("credentials.content", "...")]`
@@ -228,13 +207,6 @@ pub async fn run(pool: &PgPool, args: AddArgs<'_>, master_key: &[u8; 32]) -> Res
     let mut tx = pool.begin().await?;
 
     // Upsert the entry row (tags + metadata).
-    #[derive(sqlx::FromRow)]
-    struct EntryRow {
-        id: uuid::Uuid,
-        version: i64,
-        tags: Vec<String>,
-        metadata: Value,
-    }
     let existing: Option<EntryRow> = sqlx::query_as(
         "SELECT id, version, tags, metadata FROM entries \
          WHERE namespace = $1 AND kind = $2 AND name = $3",
@@ -297,12 +269,10 @@ pub async fn run(pool: &PgPool, args: AddArgs<'_>, master_key: &[u8; 32]) -> Res
         struct ExistingField {
             id: uuid::Uuid,
             field_name: String,
-            field_type: String,
-            value_len: i32,
             encrypted: Vec<u8>,
         }
         let existing_fields: Vec<ExistingField> = sqlx::query_as(
-            "SELECT id, field_name, field_type, value_len, encrypted \
+            "SELECT id, field_name, encrypted \
              FROM secrets WHERE entry_id = $1",
         )
         .bind(entry_id)
@@ -317,8 +287,6 @@ pub async fn run(pool: &PgPool, args: AddArgs<'_>, master_key: &[u8; 32]) -> Res
                     secret_id: f.id,
                     entry_version: new_entry_version - 1,
                     field_name: &f.field_name,
-                    field_type: &f.field_type,
-                    value_len: f.value_len,
                     encrypted: &f.encrypted,
                     action: "add",
                 },
@@ -339,18 +307,14 @@ pub async fn run(pool: &PgPool, args: AddArgs<'_>, master_key: &[u8; 32]) -> Res
     // Insert new secret fields.
     let flat_fields = flatten_json_fields("", &secret_json);
     for (field_name, field_value) in &flat_fields {
-        let field_type = infer_field_type(field_value);
-        let value_len = compute_value_len(field_value);
         let encrypted = crypto::encrypt_json(master_key, field_value)?;
 
         sqlx::query(
-            "INSERT INTO secrets (entry_id, field_name, field_type, value_len, encrypted) \
-             VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5)",
+            "INSERT INTO secrets (entry_id, field_name, encrypted) \
+             VALUES ($1, $2, $3)",
         )
         .bind(entry_id)
         .bind(field_name)
-        .bind(field_type)
-        .bind(value_len)
         .bind(&encrypted)
         .execute(&mut *tx)
         .await?;
@@ -383,11 +347,8 @@ pub async fn run(pool: &PgPool, args: AddArgs<'_>, master_key: &[u8; 32]) -> Res
     });
 
     match args.output {
-        OutputMode::Json => {
-            println!("{}", serde_json::to_string_pretty(&result_json)?);
-        }
-        OutputMode::JsonCompact => {
-            println!("{}", serde_json::to_string(&result_json)?);
+        OutputMode::Json | OutputMode::JsonCompact => {
+            print_json(&result_json, &args.output)?;
         }
         _ => {
             println!("Added: [{}/{}] {}", args.namespace, args.kind, args.name);
@@ -408,10 +369,7 @@ pub async fn run(pool: &PgPool, args: AddArgs<'_>, master_key: &[u8; 32]) -> Res
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
-    use super::{
-        build_json, compute_value_len, flatten_json_fields, infer_field_type, key_path_to_string,
-        parse_kv, remove_path,
-    };
+    use super::{build_json, flatten_json_fields, key_path_to_string, parse_kv, remove_path};
     use serde_json::Value;
     use std::fs;
     use std::path::PathBuf;
@@ -498,19 +456,4 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(fields[1].0, "credentials.type");
         assert_eq!(fields[2].0, "username");
     }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn infer_field_types() {
-        assert_eq!(infer_field_type(&Value::String("x".into())), "string");
-        assert_eq!(infer_field_type(&serde_json::json!(42)), "number");
-        assert_eq!(infer_field_type(&Value::Bool(true)), "boolean");
-        assert_eq!(infer_field_type(&serde_json::json!(["a"])), "json");
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn compute_value_len_string() {
-        assert_eq!(compute_value_len(&Value::String("root".into())), 4);
-        assert_eq!(compute_value_len(&Value::Null), 0);
-        assert_eq!(compute_value_len(&serde_json::json!(1234)), 4);
-    }
 }

src/commands/config.rs

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ pub async fn run(action: crate::ConfigAction) -> Result<()> {
                 database_url: Some(url.clone()),
             };
             config::save_config(&cfg)?;
-            println!("Database URL saved to: {}", config_path().display());
+            println!("Database URL saved to: {}", config_path()?.display());
             println!("  {}", mask_password(&url));
         }
         crate::ConfigAction::Show => {
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ pub async fn run(action: crate::ConfigAction) -> Result<()> {
             match cfg.database_url {
                 Some(url) => {
                     println!("database_url = {}", mask_password(&url));
-                    println!("config file:  {}", config_path().display());
+                    println!("config file:  {}", config_path()?.display());
                 }
                 None => {
                     println!("Database URL not configured.");
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ pub async fn run(action: crate::ConfigAction) -> Result<()> {
             }
         }
         crate::ConfigAction::Path => {
-            println!("{}", config_path().display());
+            println!("{}", config_path()?.display());
         }
     }
     Ok(())

src/commands/delete.rs

@@ -1,29 +1,52 @@
 use anyhow::Result;
-use serde_json::{Value, json};
-use sqlx::{FromRow, PgPool};
+use serde_json::json;
+use sqlx::PgPool;
 use uuid::Uuid;
 
 use crate::db;
-use crate::output::OutputMode;
+use crate::models::{EntryRow, SecretFieldRow};
+use crate::output::{OutputMode, print_json};
 
-#[derive(FromRow)]
-struct EntryRow {
-    id: Uuid,
-    version: i64,
-    tags: Vec<String>,
-    metadata: Value,
+pub struct DeleteArgs<'a> {
+    pub namespace: &'a str,
+    /// Kind filter. Required when --name is given; optional for bulk deletes.
+    pub kind: Option<&'a str>,
+    /// Exact record name. When None, bulk-delete all matching records.
+    pub name: Option<&'a str>,
+    /// Preview without writing to the database (bulk mode only).
+    pub dry_run: bool,
+    pub output: OutputMode,
 }
 
-#[derive(FromRow)]
-struct SecretFieldRow {
-    id: Uuid,
-    field_name: String,
-    field_type: String,
-    value_len: i32,
-    encrypted: Vec<u8>,
+// ── Internal row type used for bulk queries ────────────────────────────────
+
+#[derive(Debug, sqlx::FromRow)]
+struct FullEntryRow {
+    pub id: Uuid,
+    pub version: i64,
+    pub kind: String,
+    pub name: String,
+    pub metadata: serde_json::Value,
+    pub tags: Vec<String>,
 }
 
-pub async fn run(
+// ── Entry point ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+pub async fn run(pool: &PgPool, args: DeleteArgs<'_>) -> Result<()> {
+    match args.name {
+        Some(name) => {
+            let kind = args
+                .kind
+                .ok_or_else(|| anyhow::anyhow!("--kind is required when --name is specified"))?;
+            delete_one(pool, args.namespace, kind, name, args.output).await
+        }
+        None => delete_bulk(pool, args.namespace, args.kind, args.dry_run, args.output).await,
+    }
+}
+
+// ── Single-record delete (original behaviour) ─────────────────────────────
+
+async fn delete_one(
     pool: &PgPool,
     namespace: &str,
     kind: &str,
@@ -48,27 +71,175 @@ pub async fn run(
     let Some(row) = row else {
         tx.rollback().await?;
         tracing::warn!(namespace, kind, name, "entry not found for deletion");
+        let v = json!({"action":"not_found","namespace":namespace,"kind":kind,"name":name});
         match output {
-            OutputMode::Json => println!(
-                "{}",
-                serde_json::to_string_pretty(
-                    &json!({"action":"not_found","namespace":namespace,"kind":kind,"name":name})
-                )?
-            ),
-            OutputMode::JsonCompact => println!(
-                "{}",
-                serde_json::to_string(
-                    &json!({"action":"not_found","namespace":namespace,"kind":kind,"name":name})
-                )?
-            ),
-            _ => println!("Not found: [{}/{}] {}", namespace, kind, name),
+            OutputMode::Text => println!("Not found: [{}/{}] {}", namespace, kind, name),
+            ref mode => print_json(&v, mode)?,
         }
         return Ok(());
     };
 
-    // Snapshot entry history before deleting.
+    snapshot_and_delete(&mut tx, namespace, kind, name, &row).await?;
+
+    crate::audit::log_tx(&mut tx, "delete", namespace, kind, name, json!({})).await;
+    tx.commit().await?;
+
+    let v = json!({"action":"deleted","namespace":namespace,"kind":kind,"name":name});
+    match output {
+        OutputMode::Text => println!("Deleted: [{}/{}] {}", namespace, kind, name),
+        ref mode => print_json(&v, mode)?,
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+// ── Bulk delete by namespace (+ optional kind filter) ─────────────────────
+
+async fn delete_bulk(
+    pool: &PgPool,
+    namespace: &str,
+    kind: Option<&str>,
+    dry_run: bool,
+    output: OutputMode,
+) -> Result<()> {
+    tracing::debug!(namespace, ?kind, dry_run, "bulk-deleting entries");
+
+    let rows: Vec<FullEntryRow> = if let Some(k) = kind {
+        sqlx::query_as(
+            "SELECT id, version, kind, name, metadata, tags FROM entries \
+             WHERE namespace = $1 AND kind = $2 \
+             ORDER BY name",
+        )
+        .bind(namespace)
+        .bind(k)
+        .fetch_all(pool)
+        .await?
+    } else {
+        sqlx::query_as(
+            "SELECT id, version, kind, name, metadata, tags FROM entries \
+             WHERE namespace = $1 \
+             ORDER BY kind, name",
+        )
+        .bind(namespace)
+        .fetch_all(pool)
+        .await?
+    };
+
+    if rows.is_empty() {
+        let v = json!({
+            "action": "noop",
+            "namespace": namespace,
+            "kind": kind,
+            "deleted": 0,
+            "dry_run": dry_run
+        });
+        match output {
+            OutputMode::Text => println!(
+                "No records found in namespace \"{}\"{}.",
+                namespace,
+                kind.map(|k| format!(" with kind \"{}\"", k))
+                    .unwrap_or_default()
+            ),
+            ref mode => print_json(&v, mode)?,
+        }
+        return Ok(());
+    }
+
+    if dry_run {
+        let count = rows.len();
+        match output {
+            OutputMode::Text => {
+                println!(
+                    "dry-run: would delete {} record(s) in namespace \"{}\":",
+                    count, namespace
+                );
+                for r in &rows {
+                    println!("  [{}/{}] {}", namespace, r.kind, r.name);
+                }
+            }
+            ref mode => {
+                let items: Vec<_> = rows
+                    .iter()
+                    .map(|r| json!({"namespace": namespace, "kind": r.kind, "name": r.name}))
+                    .collect();
+                print_json(
+                    &json!({
+                        "action": "dry_run",
+                        "namespace": namespace,
+                        "kind": kind,
+                        "would_delete": count,
+                        "entries": items
+                    }),
+                    mode,
+                )?;
+            }
+        }
+        return Ok(());
+    }
+
+    let mut deleted = Vec::with_capacity(rows.len());
+
+    for row in &rows {
+        let entry_row = EntryRow {
+            id: row.id,
+            version: row.version,
+            tags: row.tags.clone(),
+            metadata: row.metadata.clone(),
+        };
+        let mut tx = pool.begin().await?;
+        snapshot_and_delete(&mut tx, namespace, &row.kind, &row.name, &entry_row).await?;
+        crate::audit::log_tx(
+            &mut tx,
+            "delete",
+            namespace,
+            &row.kind,
+            &row.name,
+            json!({"bulk": true}),
+        )
+        .await;
+        tx.commit().await?;
+
+        deleted.push(json!({"namespace": namespace, "kind": row.kind, "name": row.name}));
+        tracing::info!(namespace, kind = %row.kind, name = %row.name, "bulk deleted");
+    }
+
+    let count = deleted.len();
+    match output {
+        OutputMode::Text => {
+            for item in &deleted {
+                println!(
+                    "Deleted: [{}/{}] {}",
+                    item["namespace"].as_str().unwrap_or(""),
+                    item["kind"].as_str().unwrap_or(""),
+                    item["name"].as_str().unwrap_or("")
+                );
+            }
+            println!("Total: {} record(s) deleted.", count);
+        }
+        ref mode => print_json(
+            &json!({
+                "action": "deleted",
+                "namespace": namespace,
+                "kind": kind,
+                "deleted": count,
+                "entries": deleted
+            }),
+            mode,
+        )?,
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+// ── Shared helper: snapshot history then DELETE ────────────────────────────
+
+async fn snapshot_and_delete(
+    tx: &mut sqlx::Transaction<'_, sqlx::Postgres>,
+    namespace: &str,
+    kind: &str,
+    name: &str,
+    row: &EntryRow,
+) -> Result<()> {
     if let Err(e) = db::snapshot_entry_history(
-        &mut tx,
+        tx,
         db::EntrySnapshotParams {
             entry_id: row.id,
             namespace,
@@ -85,60 +256,36 @@ pub async fn run(
         tracing::warn!(error = %e, "failed to snapshot entry history before delete");
     }
 
-    // Snapshot all secret fields before cascade delete.
     let fields: Vec<SecretFieldRow> = sqlx::query_as(
-        "SELECT id, field_name, field_type, value_len, encrypted \
+        "SELECT id, field_name, encrypted \
          FROM secrets WHERE entry_id = $1",
     )
     .bind(row.id)
-    .fetch_all(&mut *tx)
+    .fetch_all(&mut **tx)
     .await?;
 
     for f in &fields {
         if let Err(e) = db::snapshot_secret_history(
-            &mut tx,
+            tx,
             db::SecretSnapshotParams {
                 entry_id: row.id,
                 secret_id: f.id,
                 entry_version: row.version,
                 field_name: &f.field_name,
-                field_type: &f.field_type,
-                value_len: f.value_len,
                 encrypted: &f.encrypted,
                 action: "delete",
             },
         )
         .await
         {
-            tracing::warn!(error = %e, "failed to snapshot secret field history before delete");
+            tracing::warn!(error = %e, "failed to snapshot secret history before delete");
         }
     }
 
-    // Delete the entry — secrets rows are removed via ON DELETE CASCADE.
     sqlx::query("DELETE FROM entries WHERE id = $1")
         .bind(row.id)
-        .execute(&mut *tx)
+        .execute(&mut **tx)
         .await?;
 
-    crate::audit::log_tx(&mut tx, "delete", namespace, kind, name, json!({})).await;
-
-    tx.commit().await?;
-
-    match output {
-        OutputMode::Json => println!(
-            "{}",
-            serde_json::to_string_pretty(
-                &json!({"action":"deleted","namespace":namespace,"kind":kind,"name":name})
-            )?
-        ),
-        OutputMode::JsonCompact => println!(
-            "{}",
-            serde_json::to_string(
-                &json!({"action":"deleted","namespace":namespace,"kind":kind,"name":name})
-            )?
-        ),
-        _ => println!("Deleted: [{}/{}] {}", namespace, kind, name),
-    }
-
     Ok(())
 }

src/commands/export_cmd.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+use anyhow::Result;
+use sqlx::PgPool;
+use std::collections::BTreeMap;
+use std::io::Write;
+
+use crate::commands::search::{fetch_entries, fetch_secrets_for_entries};
+use crate::crypto;
+use crate::models::{ExportData, ExportEntry, ExportFormat};
+
+pub struct ExportArgs<'a> {
+    pub namespace: Option<&'a str>,
+    pub kind: Option<&'a str>,
+    pub name: Option<&'a str>,
+    pub tags: &'a [String],
+    pub query: Option<&'a str>,
+    /// Output file path. None means write to stdout.
+    pub file: Option<&'a str>,
+    /// Explicit format override (e.g. from --format flag).
+    pub format: Option<&'a str>,
+    /// When true, secrets are omitted and master_key is not used.
+    pub no_secrets: bool,
+}
+
+pub async fn run(pool: &PgPool, args: ExportArgs<'_>, master_key: Option<&[u8; 32]>) -> Result<()> {
+    // Determine output format: --format > file extension > default JSON.
+    let format = if let Some(fmt_str) = args.format {
+        ExportFormat::from_str(fmt_str)?
+    } else if let Some(path) = args.file {
+        ExportFormat::from_extension(path).unwrap_or(ExportFormat::Json)
+    } else {
+        ExportFormat::Json
+    };
+
+    let entries = fetch_entries(
+        pool,
+        args.namespace,
+        args.kind,
+        args.name,
+        args.tags,
+        args.query,
+    )
+    .await?;
+
+    let entry_ids: Vec<uuid::Uuid> = entries.iter().map(|e| e.id).collect();
+
+    let secrets_map = if !args.no_secrets && !entry_ids.is_empty() {
+        fetch_secrets_for_entries(pool, &entry_ids).await?
+    } else {
+        std::collections::HashMap::new()
+    };
+
+    let key = if !args.no_secrets { master_key } else { None };
+
+    let mut export_entries: Vec<ExportEntry> = Vec::with_capacity(entries.len());
+    for entry in &entries {
+        let secrets = if args.no_secrets {
+            None
+        } else {
+            let fields = secrets_map.get(&entry.id).map(Vec::as_slice).unwrap_or(&[]);
+            if fields.is_empty() {
+                Some(BTreeMap::new())
+            } else {
+                let mk =
+                    key.ok_or_else(|| anyhow::anyhow!("master key required to decrypt secrets"))?;
+                let mut map = BTreeMap::new();
+                for f in fields {
+                    let decrypted = crypto::decrypt_json(mk, &f.encrypted)?;
+                    map.insert(f.field_name.clone(), decrypted);
+                }
+                Some(map)
+            }
+        };
+
+        export_entries.push(ExportEntry {
+            namespace: entry.namespace.clone(),
+            kind: entry.kind.clone(),
+            name: entry.name.clone(),
+            tags: entry.tags.clone(),
+            metadata: entry.metadata.clone(),
+            secrets,
+        });
+    }
+
+    let data = ExportData {
+        version: 1,
+        exported_at: chrono::Utc::now().format("%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ").to_string(),
+        entries: export_entries,
+    };
+
+    let serialized = format.serialize(&data)?;
+
+    if let Some(path) = args.file {
+        std::fs::write(path, &serialized)?;
+        println!(
+            "Exported {} record(s) to {} ({:?})",
+            data.entries.len(),
+            path,
+            format
+        );
+    } else {
+        std::io::stdout().write_all(serialized.as_bytes())?;
+        // Ensure trailing newline on stdout.
+        if !serialized.ends_with('\n') {
+            println!();
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}

src/commands/history.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+use anyhow::Result;
+use serde_json::{Value, json};
+use sqlx::{FromRow, PgPool};
+
+use crate::output::{OutputMode, format_local_time, print_json};
+
+pub struct HistoryArgs<'a> {
+    pub namespace: &'a str,
+    pub kind: &'a str,
+    pub name: &'a str,
+    pub limit: u32,
+    pub output: OutputMode,
+}
+
+/// List history entries for an entry.
+pub async fn run(pool: &PgPool, args: HistoryArgs<'_>) -> Result<()> {
+    #[derive(FromRow)]
+    struct HistorySummary {
+        version: i64,
+        action: String,
+        actor: String,
+        created_at: chrono::DateTime<chrono::Utc>,
+    }
+
+    let rows: Vec<HistorySummary> = sqlx::query_as(
+        "SELECT version, action, actor, created_at FROM entries_history \
+         WHERE namespace = $1 AND kind = $2 AND name = $3 \
+         ORDER BY id DESC LIMIT $4",
+    )
+    .bind(args.namespace)
+    .bind(args.kind)
+    .bind(args.name)
+    .bind(args.limit as i64)
+    .fetch_all(pool)
+    .await?;
+
+    match args.output {
+        OutputMode::Json | OutputMode::JsonCompact => {
+            let arr: Vec<Value> = rows
+                .iter()
+                .map(|r| {
+                    json!({
+                        "version": r.version,
+                        "action": r.action,
+                        "actor": r.actor,
+                        "created_at": r.created_at.format("%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ").to_string(),
+                    })
+                })
+                .collect();
+            print_json(&Value::Array(arr), &args.output)?;
+        }
+        _ => {
+            if rows.is_empty() {
+                println!(
+                    "No history found for [{}/{}] {}.",
+                    args.namespace, args.kind, args.name
+                );
+                return Ok(());
+            }
+            println!(
+                "History for [{}/{}] {}:",
+                args.namespace, args.kind, args.name
+            );
+            for r in &rows {
+                println!(
+                    "  v{:<4}  {:8}  {}  {}",
+                    r.version,
+                    r.action,
+                    r.actor,
+                    format_local_time(r.created_at)
+                );
+            }
+            println!("  (use `secrets rollback --to-version <N>` to restore)");
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}

src/commands/import_cmd.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,217 @@
+use anyhow::Result;
+use serde_json::Value;
+use sqlx::PgPool;
+use std::collections::BTreeMap;
+
+use crate::commands::add::{self, AddArgs};
+use crate::models::ExportFormat;
+use crate::output::{OutputMode, print_json};
+
+pub struct ImportArgs<'a> {
+    pub file: &'a str,
+    /// Overwrite existing records when there is a conflict (upsert).
+    /// Without this flag, the import aborts on the first conflict.
+    /// A future `--skip` flag could allow silently skipping conflicts and continuing.
+    pub force: bool,
+    /// Check and preview operations without writing to the database.
+    pub dry_run: bool,
+    pub output: OutputMode,
+}
+
+pub async fn run(pool: &PgPool, args: ImportArgs<'_>, master_key: &[u8; 32]) -> Result<()> {
+    let format = ExportFormat::from_extension(args.file)?;
+    let content = std::fs::read_to_string(args.file)
+        .map_err(|e| anyhow::anyhow!("Cannot read file '{}': {}", args.file, e))?;
+    let data = format.deserialize(&content)?;
+
+    if data.version != 1 {
+        anyhow::bail!(
+            "Unsupported export version {}. Only version 1 is supported.",
+            data.version
+        );
+    }
+
+    let total = data.entries.len();
+    let mut inserted = 0usize;
+    let mut skipped = 0usize;
+    let mut failed = 0usize;
+
+    for entry in &data.entries {
+        // Check if record already exists.
+        let exists: bool = sqlx::query_scalar(
+            "SELECT EXISTS(SELECT 1 FROM entries \
+             WHERE namespace = $1 AND kind = $2 AND name = $3)",
+        )
+        .bind(&entry.namespace)
+        .bind(&entry.kind)
+        .bind(&entry.name)
+        .fetch_one(pool)
+        .await
+        .unwrap_or(false);
+
+        if exists && !args.force {
+            let v = serde_json::json!({
+                "action": "conflict",
+                "namespace": entry.namespace,
+                "kind": entry.kind,
+                "name": entry.name,
+            });
+            match args.output {
+                OutputMode::Text => eprintln!(
+                    "[{}/{}/{}] conflict — record already exists (use --force to overwrite)",
+                    entry.namespace, entry.kind, entry.name
+                ),
+                ref mode => {
+                    // Write conflict notice to stderr so it does not mix with summary JSON.
+                    eprint!(
+                        "{}",
+                        if *mode == OutputMode::Json {
+                            serde_json::to_string_pretty(&v)?
+                        } else {
+                            serde_json::to_string(&v)?
+                        }
+                    );
+                    eprintln!();
+                }
+            }
+            return Err(anyhow::anyhow!(
+                "Import aborted: conflict on [{}/{}/{}]",
+                entry.namespace,
+                entry.kind,
+                entry.name
+            ));
+        }
+
+        let action = if exists { "upsert" } else { "insert" };
+
+        if args.dry_run {
+            let v = serde_json::json!({
+                "action": action,
+                "namespace": entry.namespace,
+                "kind": entry.kind,
+                "name": entry.name,
+                "dry_run": true,
+            });
+            match args.output {
+                OutputMode::Text => println!(
+                    "[dry-run] {} [{}/{}/{}]",
+                    action, entry.namespace, entry.kind, entry.name
+                ),
+                ref mode => print_json(&v, mode)?,
+            }
+            if exists {
+                skipped += 1;
+            } else {
+                inserted += 1;
+            }
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        // Build secret_entries: convert BTreeMap<String, Value> to Vec<String> ("key:=json")
+        let secret_entries = build_secret_entries(entry.secrets.as_ref());
+
+        // Build meta_entries from metadata JSON object.
+        let meta_entries = build_meta_entries(&entry.metadata);
+
+        match add::run(
+            pool,
+            AddArgs {
+                namespace: &entry.namespace,
+                kind: &entry.kind,
+                name: &entry.name,
+                tags: &entry.tags,
+                meta_entries: &meta_entries,
+                secret_entries: &secret_entries,
+                output: OutputMode::Text,
+            },
+            master_key,
+        )
+        .await
+        {
+            Ok(()) => {
+                let v = serde_json::json!({
+                    "action": action,
+                    "namespace": entry.namespace,
+                    "kind": entry.kind,
+                    "name": entry.name,
+                });
+                match args.output {
+                    OutputMode::Text => println!(
+                        "Imported [{}/{}/{}]",
+                        entry.namespace, entry.kind, entry.name
+                    ),
+                    ref mode => print_json(&v, mode)?,
+                }
+                inserted += 1;
+            }
+            Err(e) => {
+                eprintln!(
+                    "Error importing [{}/{}/{}]: {}",
+                    entry.namespace, entry.kind, entry.name, e
+                );
+                failed += 1;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    let summary = serde_json::json!({
+        "total": total,
+        "inserted": inserted,
+        "skipped": skipped,
+        "failed": failed,
+        "dry_run": args.dry_run,
+    });
+    match args.output {
+        OutputMode::Text => {
+            if args.dry_run {
+                println!(
+                    "\n[dry-run] {} total: {} would insert, {} would skip, {} would fail",
+                    total, inserted, skipped, failed
+                );
+            } else {
+                println!(
+                    "\nImport done: {} total — {} inserted, {} skipped, {} failed",
+                    total, inserted, skipped, failed
+                );
+            }
+        }
+        ref mode => print_json(&summary, mode)?,
+    }
+
+    if failed > 0 {
+        anyhow::bail!("{} record(s) failed to import", failed);
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// Convert metadata JSON object into Vec<String> of "key:=json_value" entries.
+fn build_meta_entries(metadata: &Value) -> Vec<String> {
+    let mut entries = Vec::new();
+    if let Some(obj) = metadata.as_object() {
+        for (k, v) in obj {
+            entries.push(value_to_kv_entry(k, v));
+        }
+    }
+    entries
+}
+
+/// Convert a BTreeMap<String, Value> (secrets) into Vec<String> of "key:=json_value" entries.
+fn build_secret_entries(secrets: Option<&BTreeMap<String, Value>>) -> Vec<String> {
+    let mut entries = Vec::new();
+    if let Some(map) = secrets {
+        for (k, v) in map {
+            entries.push(value_to_kv_entry(k, v));
+        }
+    }
+    entries
+}
+
+/// Convert a key/value pair to a CLI-style entry string.
+/// Strings use `key=value`; everything else uses `key:=<json>`.
+fn value_to_kv_entry(key: &str, value: &Value) -> String {
+    match value {
+        Value::String(s) => format!("{}={}", key, s),
+        other => format!("{}:={}", key, other),
+    }
+}

src/commands/mod.rs

@@ -1,6 +1,9 @@
 pub mod add;
 pub mod config;
 pub mod delete;
+pub mod export_cmd;
+pub mod history;
+pub mod import_cmd;
 pub mod init;
 pub mod rollback;
 pub mod run;

src/commands/rollback.rs

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ use uuid::Uuid;
 
 use crate::crypto;
 use crate::db;
-use crate::output::{OutputMode, format_local_time};
+use crate::output::{OutputMode, print_json};
 
 pub struct RollbackArgs<'a> {
     pub namespace: &'a str,
@@ -71,14 +71,12 @@ pub async fn run(pool: &PgPool, args: RollbackArgs<'_>, master_key: &[u8; 32]) -
     struct SecretHistoryRow {
         secret_id: Uuid,
         field_name: String,
-        field_type: String,
-        value_len: i32,
         encrypted: Vec<u8>,
         action: String,
     }
 
     let field_snaps: Vec<SecretHistoryRow> = sqlx::query_as(
-        "SELECT secret_id, field_name, field_type, value_len, encrypted, action \
+        "SELECT secret_id, field_name, encrypted, action \
          FROM secrets_history \
          WHERE entry_id = $1 AND entry_version = $2 \
          ORDER BY field_name",
@@ -145,12 +143,10 @@ pub async fn run(pool: &PgPool, args: RollbackArgs<'_>, master_key: &[u8; 32]) -
         struct LiveField {
             id: Uuid,
             field_name: String,
-            field_type: String,
-            value_len: i32,
             encrypted: Vec<u8>,
         }
         let live_fields: Vec<LiveField> = sqlx::query_as(
-            "SELECT id, field_name, field_type, value_len, encrypted \
+            "SELECT id, field_name, encrypted \
              FROM secrets WHERE entry_id = $1",
         )
         .bind(lr.id)
@@ -165,8 +161,6 @@ pub async fn run(pool: &PgPool, args: RollbackArgs<'_>, master_key: &[u8; 32]) -
                     secret_id: f.id,
                     entry_version: lr.version,
                     field_name: &f.field_name,
-                    field_type: &f.field_type,
-                    value_len: f.value_len,
                     encrypted: &f.encrypted,
                     action: "rollback",
                 },
@@ -212,11 +206,9 @@ pub async fn run(pool: &PgPool, args: RollbackArgs<'_>, master_key: &[u8; 32]) -
             continue;
         }
         sqlx::query(
-            "INSERT INTO secrets (id, entry_id, field_name, field_type, value_len, encrypted) \
-             VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5, $6) \
+            "INSERT INTO secrets (id, entry_id, field_name, encrypted) \
+             VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4) \
              ON CONFLICT (entry_id, field_name) DO UPDATE SET \
-                 field_type = EXCLUDED.field_type, \
-                 value_len  = EXCLUDED.value_len, \
                  encrypted  = EXCLUDED.encrypted, \
                  version    = secrets.version + 1, \
                  updated_at = NOW()",
@@ -224,8 +216,6 @@ pub async fn run(pool: &PgPool, args: RollbackArgs<'_>, master_key: &[u8; 32]) -
         .bind(f.secret_id)
         .bind(snap.entry_id)
         .bind(&f.field_name)
-        .bind(&f.field_type)
-        .bind(f.value_len)
         .bind(&f.encrypted)
         .execute(&mut *tx)
         .await?;
@@ -255,83 +245,11 @@ pub async fn run(pool: &PgPool, args: RollbackArgs<'_>, master_key: &[u8; 32]) -
     });
 
     match args.output {
-        OutputMode::Json => println!("{}", serde_json::to_string_pretty(&result_json)?),
-        OutputMode::JsonCompact => println!("{}", serde_json::to_string(&result_json)?),
-        _ => println!(
+        OutputMode::Text => println!(
             "Rolled back: [{}/{}] {} → version {}",
             args.namespace, args.kind, args.name, snap.version
         ),
-    }
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-/// List history entries for an entry.
-pub async fn list_history(
-    pool: &PgPool,
-    namespace: &str,
-    kind: &str,
-    name: &str,
-    limit: u32,
-    output: OutputMode,
-) -> Result<()> {
-    #[derive(FromRow)]
-    struct HistorySummary {
-        version: i64,
-        action: String,
-        actor: String,
-        created_at: chrono::DateTime<chrono::Utc>,
-    }
-
-    let rows: Vec<HistorySummary> = sqlx::query_as(
-        "SELECT version, action, actor, created_at FROM entries_history \
-         WHERE namespace = $1 AND kind = $2 AND name = $3 \
-         ORDER BY id DESC LIMIT $4",
-    )
-    .bind(namespace)
-    .bind(kind)
-    .bind(name)
-    .bind(limit as i64)
-    .fetch_all(pool)
-    .await?;
-
-    match output {
-        OutputMode::Json | OutputMode::JsonCompact => {
-            let arr: Vec<Value> = rows
-                .iter()
-                .map(|r| {
-                    json!({
-                        "version": r.version,
-                        "action": r.action,
-                        "actor": r.actor,
-                        "created_at": r.created_at.format("%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ").to_string(),
-                    })
-                })
-                .collect();
-            let out = if output == OutputMode::Json {
-                serde_json::to_string_pretty(&arr)?
-            } else {
-                serde_json::to_string(&arr)?
-            };
-            println!("{}", out);
-        }
-        _ => {
-            if rows.is_empty() {
-                println!("No history found for [{}/{}] {}.", namespace, kind, name);
-                return Ok(());
-            }
-            println!("History for [{}/{}] {}:", namespace, kind, name);
-            for r in &rows {
-                println!(
-                    "  v{:<4}  {:8}  {}  {}",
-                    r.version,
-                    r.action,
-                    r.actor,
-                    format_local_time(r.created_at)
-                );
-            }
-            println!("  (use `secrets rollback --to-version <N>` to restore)");
-        }
+        ref mode => print_json(&result_json, mode)?,
     }
 
     Ok(())

src/commands/search.rs

@@ -121,7 +121,12 @@ struct PagedFetchArgs<'a> {
     offset: u32,
 }
 
+/// A very large limit used when callers need all matching records (export, inject, run).
+/// Postgres will stop scanning when this many rows are found; adjust if needed.
+pub const FETCH_ALL_LIMIT: u32 = 100_000;
+
 /// Fetch entries matching the given filters (used by search, inject, run).
+/// `limit` caps the result set; pass `FETCH_ALL_LIMIT` when you need all matching records.
 pub async fn fetch_entries(
     pool: &PgPool,
     namespace: Option<&str>,
@@ -129,6 +134,19 @@ pub async fn fetch_entries(
     name: Option<&str>,
     tags: &[String],
     query: Option<&str>,
+) -> Result<Vec<Entry>> {
+    fetch_entries_with_limit(pool, namespace, kind, name, tags, query, FETCH_ALL_LIMIT).await
+}
+
+/// Like `fetch_entries` but with an explicit limit. Used internally by `search`.
+pub(crate) async fn fetch_entries_with_limit(
+    pool: &PgPool,
+    namespace: Option<&str>,
+    kind: Option<&str>,
+    name: Option<&str>,
+    tags: &[String],
+    query: Option<&str>,
+    limit: u32,
 ) -> Result<Vec<Entry>> {
     fetch_entries_paged(
         pool,
@@ -139,7 +157,7 @@ pub async fn fetch_entries(
             tags,
             query,
             sort: "name",
-            limit: 200,
+            limit,
             offset: 0,
         },
     )
@@ -232,8 +250,8 @@ async fn fetch_entries_paged(pool: &PgPool, a: PagedFetchArgs<'_>) -> Result<Vec
 
 // ── Secret schema fetching (no master key) ───────────────────────────────────
 
-/// Fetch secret field schemas (field_name, field_type, value_len) for a set of entry ids.
-/// Returns a map from entry_id to list of SecretField (encrypted field not used here).
+/// Fetch secret field names for a set of entry ids.
+/// Returns a map from entry_id to list of SecretField.
 async fn fetch_secret_schemas(
     pool: &PgPool,
     entry_ids: &[uuid::Uuid],
@@ -405,8 +423,6 @@ fn to_json(entry: &Entry, summary: bool, schema: Option<&[SecretField]>) -> Valu
                 .map(|f| {
                     json!({
                         "field_name": f.field_name,
-                        "field_type": f.field_type,
-                        "value_len": f.value_len,
                     })
                 })
                 .collect();
@@ -456,10 +472,7 @@ fn print_text(entry: &Entry, summary: bool, schema: Option<&[SecretField]>) -> R
         }
         match schema {
             Some(fields) if !fields.is_empty() => {
-                let schema_str: Vec<String> = fields
-                    .iter()
-                    .map(|f| format!("{}: {}({})", f.field_name, f.field_type, f.value_len))
-                    .collect();
+                let schema_str: Vec<String> = fields.iter().map(|f| f.field_name.clone()).collect();
                 println!("  secrets:  {}", schema_str.join(", "));
                 println!("            (use `secrets inject` or `secrets run` to get values)");
             }
@@ -524,7 +537,7 @@ mod tests {
             kind: "service".to_string(),
             name: "gitea.main".to_string(),
             tags: vec!["prod".to_string()],
-            metadata: json!({"url": "https://gitea.refining.dev", "enabled": true}),
+            metadata: json!({"url": "https://code.example.com", "enabled": true}),
             version: 1,
             created_at: Utc::now(),
             updated_at: Utc::now(),
@@ -538,8 +551,6 @@ mod tests {
             id: Uuid::nil(),
             entry_id: Uuid::nil(),
             field_name: "token".to_string(),
-            field_type: "string".to_string(),
-            value_len: 6,
             encrypted: enc,
             version: 1,
             created_at: Utc::now(),
@@ -561,7 +572,7 @@ mod tests {
 
         assert_eq!(
             map.get("GITEA_MAIN_URL").map(String::as_str),
-            Some("https://gitea.refining.dev")
+            Some("https://code.example.com")
         );
         assert_eq!(
             map.get("GITEA_MAIN_ENABLED").map(String::as_str),
@@ -579,8 +590,6 @@ mod tests {
         let secrets = v.get("secrets").unwrap().as_array().unwrap();
         assert_eq!(secrets.len(), 1);
         assert_eq!(secrets[0]["field_name"], "token");
-        assert_eq!(secrets[0]["field_type"], "string");
-        assert_eq!(secrets[0]["value_len"], 6);
     }
 
     #[test]

src/commands/update.rs

@@ -1,23 +1,16 @@
 use anyhow::Result;
 use serde_json::{Map, Value, json};
-use sqlx::{FromRow, PgPool};
+use sqlx::PgPool;
 use uuid::Uuid;
 
 use super::add::{
-    collect_field_paths, collect_key_paths, compute_value_len, flatten_json_fields,
-    infer_field_type, insert_path, parse_key_path, parse_kv, remove_path,
+    collect_field_paths, collect_key_paths, flatten_json_fields, insert_path, parse_key_path,
+    parse_kv, remove_path,
 };
 use crate::crypto;
 use crate::db;
-use crate::output::OutputMode;
-
-#[derive(FromRow)]
-struct EntryRow {
-    id: Uuid,
-    version: i64,
-    tags: Vec<String>,
-    metadata: Value,
-}
+use crate::models::EntryRow;
+use crate::output::{OutputMode, print_json};
 
 pub struct UpdateArgs<'a> {
     pub namespace: &'a str,
@@ -137,20 +130,16 @@ pub async fn run(pool: &PgPool, args: UpdateArgs<'_>, master_key: &[u8; 32]) ->
         });
 
         for (field_name, fv) in &flat {
-            let field_type = infer_field_type(fv);
-            let value_len = compute_value_len(fv);
             let encrypted = crypto::encrypt_json(master_key, fv)?;
 
             // Snapshot existing field before replacing.
             #[derive(sqlx::FromRow)]
             struct ExistingField {
                 id: Uuid,
-                field_type: String,
-                value_len: i32,
                 encrypted: Vec<u8>,
             }
             let existing_field: Option<ExistingField> = sqlx::query_as(
-                "SELECT id, field_type, value_len, encrypted \
+                "SELECT id, encrypted \
                  FROM secrets WHERE entry_id = $1 AND field_name = $2",
             )
             .bind(row.id)
@@ -166,8 +155,6 @@ pub async fn run(pool: &PgPool, args: UpdateArgs<'_>, master_key: &[u8; 32]) ->
                         secret_id: ef.id,
                         entry_version: row.version,
                         field_name,
-                        field_type: &ef.field_type,
-                        value_len: ef.value_len,
                         encrypted: &ef.encrypted,
                         action: "update",
                     },
@@ -178,19 +165,15 @@ pub async fn run(pool: &PgPool, args: UpdateArgs<'_>, master_key: &[u8; 32]) ->
             }
 
             sqlx::query(
-                "INSERT INTO secrets (entry_id, field_name, field_type, value_len, encrypted) \
-                 VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5) \
+                "INSERT INTO secrets (entry_id, field_name, encrypted) \
+                 VALUES ($1, $2, $3) \
                  ON CONFLICT (entry_id, field_name) DO UPDATE SET \
-                     field_type = EXCLUDED.field_type, \
-                     value_len  = EXCLUDED.value_len, \
                      encrypted  = EXCLUDED.encrypted, \
                      version    = secrets.version + 1, \
                      updated_at = NOW()",
             )
             .bind(row.id)
             .bind(field_name)
-            .bind(field_type)
-            .bind(value_len)
             .bind(&encrypted)
             .execute(&mut *tx)
             .await?;
@@ -207,12 +190,10 @@ pub async fn run(pool: &PgPool, args: UpdateArgs<'_>, master_key: &[u8; 32]) ->
         #[derive(sqlx::FromRow)]
         struct FieldToDelete {
             id: Uuid,
-            field_type: String,
-            value_len: i32,
             encrypted: Vec<u8>,
         }
         let field: Option<FieldToDelete> = sqlx::query_as(
-            "SELECT id, field_type, value_len, encrypted \
+            "SELECT id, encrypted \
              FROM secrets WHERE entry_id = $1 AND field_name = $2",
         )
         .bind(row.id)
@@ -228,8 +209,6 @@ pub async fn run(pool: &PgPool, args: UpdateArgs<'_>, master_key: &[u8; 32]) ->
                     secret_id: f.id,
                     entry_version: new_version,
                     field_name: &field_name,
-                    field_type: &f.field_type,
-                    value_len: f.value_len,
                     encrypted: &f.encrypted,
                     action: "delete",
                 },
@@ -284,11 +263,8 @@ pub async fn run(pool: &PgPool, args: UpdateArgs<'_>, master_key: &[u8; 32]) ->
     });
 
     match args.output {
-        OutputMode::Json => {
-            println!("{}", serde_json::to_string_pretty(&result_json)?);
-        }
-        OutputMode::JsonCompact => {
-            println!("{}", serde_json::to_string(&result_json)?);
+        OutputMode::Json | OutputMode::JsonCompact => {
+            print_json(&result_json, &args.output)?;
         }
         _ => {
             println!("Updated: [{}/{}] {}", args.namespace, args.kind, args.name);

src/commands/upgrade.rs

@@ -5,10 +5,26 @@ use sha2::{Digest, Sha256};
 use std::io::{Cursor, Read, Write};
 use std::time::Duration;
 
-const GITEA_API: &str = "https://gitea.refining.dev/api/v1/repos/refining/secrets/releases/latest";
-
 const CURRENT_VERSION: &str = env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION");
 
+/// Build-time config via `option_env!("SECRETS_UPGRADE_URL")`. Set during `cargo build`, e.g.:
+///   SECRETS_UPGRADE_URL=https://... cargo build --release
+const BUILD_UPGRADE_URL: Option<&'static str> = option_env!("SECRETS_UPGRADE_URL");
+
+fn upgrade_api_url() -> Result<String> {
+    if let Some(url) = BUILD_UPGRADE_URL.filter(|s| !s.trim().is_empty()) {
+        return Ok(url.to_string());
+    }
+    let url = std::env::var("SECRETS_UPGRADE_URL").context(
+        "SECRETS_UPGRADE_URL is not set at build or runtime. Set it when building: \
+         SECRETS_UPGRADE_URL=https://... cargo build, or export before running secrets upgrade.",
+    )?;
+    if url.trim().is_empty() {
+        anyhow::bail!("SECRETS_UPGRADE_URL is empty.");
+    }
+    Ok(url)
+}
+
 #[derive(Debug, Deserialize)]
 struct Release {
     tag_name: String,
@@ -186,13 +202,14 @@ pub async fn run(check_only: bool) -> Result<()> {
         .build()
         .context("failed to build HTTP client")?;
 
+    let api_url = upgrade_api_url()?;
     let release: Release = client
-        .get(GITEA_API)
+        .get(&api_url)
         .send()
         .await
-        .context("failed to fetch release info from Gitea")?
+        .context("failed to fetch release info")?
         .error_for_status()
-        .context("Gitea API returned an error")?
+        .context("release API returned an error")?
         .json()
         .await
         .context("failed to parse release JSON")?;

src/config.rs

@@ -8,19 +8,23 @@ pub struct Config {
     pub database_url: Option<String>,
 }
 
-pub fn config_dir() -> PathBuf {
-    dirs::config_dir()
+pub fn config_dir() -> Result<PathBuf> {
+    let dir = dirs::config_dir()
         .or_else(|| dirs::home_dir().map(|h| h.join(".config")))
-        .unwrap_or_else(|| PathBuf::from(".config"))
-        .join("secrets")
+        .context(
+            "Cannot determine config directory: \
+             neither XDG_CONFIG_HOME nor HOME is set",
+        )?
+        .join("secrets");
+    Ok(dir)
 }
 
-pub fn config_path() -> PathBuf {
-    config_dir().join("config.toml")
+pub fn config_path() -> Result<PathBuf> {
+    Ok(config_dir()?.join("config.toml"))
 }
 
 pub fn load_config() -> Result<Config> {
-    let path = config_path();
+    let path = config_path()?;
     if !path.exists() {
         return Ok(Config::default());
     }
@@ -32,11 +36,11 @@ pub fn load_config() -> Result<Config> {
 }
 
 pub fn save_config(config: &Config) -> Result<()> {
-    let dir = config_dir();
+    let dir = config_dir()?;
     fs::create_dir_all(&dir)
         .with_context(|| format!("failed to create config dir: {}", dir.display()))?;
 
-    let path = config_path();
+    let path = dir.join("config.toml");
     let content = toml::to_string_pretty(config).context("failed to serialize config")?;
     fs::write(&path, &content)
         .with_context(|| format!("failed to write config file: {}", path.display()))?;

src/crypto.rs

@@ -10,12 +10,24 @@ const KEYRING_SERVICE: &str = "secrets-cli";
 const KEYRING_USER: &str = "master-key";
 const NONCE_LEN: usize = 12;
 
+// Argon2id parameters — OWASP recommended (m=64 MiB, t=3 iterations, p=4 threads, key=32 B)
+const ARGON2_M_COST: u32 = 65_536;
+const ARGON2_T_COST: u32 = 3;
+const ARGON2_P_COST: u32 = 4;
+const ARGON2_KEY_LEN: usize = 32;
+
 // ─── Argon2id key derivation ─────────────────────────────────────────────────
 
 /// Derive a 32-byte Master Key from a password and salt using Argon2id.
 /// Parameters: m=65536 KiB (64 MB), t=3, p=4 — OWASP recommended.
 pub fn derive_master_key(password: &str, salt: &[u8]) -> Result<[u8; 32]> {
-    let params = Params::new(65536, 3, 4, Some(32)).context("invalid Argon2id params")?;
+    let params = Params::new(
+        ARGON2_M_COST,
+        ARGON2_T_COST,
+        ARGON2_P_COST,
+        Some(ARGON2_KEY_LEN),
+    )
+    .context("invalid Argon2id params")?;
     let argon2 = Argon2::new(argon2::Algorithm::Argon2id, Version::V0x13, params);
     let mut key = [0u8; 32];
     argon2

src/db.rs

@@ -3,6 +3,8 @@ use serde_json::Value;
 use sqlx::PgPool;
 use sqlx::postgres::PgPoolOptions;
 
+use crate::audit::current_actor;
+
 pub async fn create_pool(database_url: &str) -> Result<PgPool> {
     tracing::debug!("connecting to database");
     let pool = PgPoolOptions::new()
@@ -42,8 +44,6 @@ pub async fn migrate(pool: &PgPool) -> Result<()> {
             id          UUID PRIMARY KEY DEFAULT uuidv7(),
             entry_id    UUID         NOT NULL REFERENCES entries(id) ON DELETE CASCADE,
             field_name  VARCHAR(256) NOT NULL,
-            field_type  VARCHAR(32)  NOT NULL DEFAULT 'string',
-            value_len   INT          NOT NULL DEFAULT 0,
             encrypted   BYTEA        NOT NULL DEFAULT '\x',
             version     BIGINT       NOT NULL DEFAULT 1,
             created_at  TIMESTAMPTZ  NOT NULL DEFAULT NOW(),
@@ -101,8 +101,6 @@ pub async fn migrate(pool: &PgPool) -> Result<()> {
             secret_id       UUID         NOT NULL,
             entry_version   BIGINT       NOT NULL,
             field_name      VARCHAR(256) NOT NULL,
-            field_type      VARCHAR(32)  NOT NULL DEFAULT 'string',
-            value_len       INT          NOT NULL DEFAULT 0,
             encrypted       BYTEA        NOT NULL DEFAULT '\x',
             action          VARCHAR(16)  NOT NULL,
             actor           VARCHAR(128) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
@@ -139,7 +137,7 @@ pub async fn snapshot_entry_history(
     tx: &mut sqlx::Transaction<'_, sqlx::Postgres>,
     p: EntrySnapshotParams<'_>,
 ) -> Result<()> {
-    let actor = std::env::var("USER").unwrap_or_default();
+    let actor = current_actor();
     sqlx::query(
         "INSERT INTO entries_history \
          (entry_id, namespace, kind, name, version, action, tags, metadata, actor) \
@@ -166,8 +164,6 @@ pub struct SecretSnapshotParams<'a> {
     pub secret_id: uuid::Uuid,
     pub entry_version: i64,
     pub field_name: &'a str,
-    pub field_type: &'a str,
-    pub value_len: i32,
     pub encrypted: &'a [u8],
     pub action: &'a str,
 }
@@ -177,18 +173,16 @@ pub async fn snapshot_secret_history(
     tx: &mut sqlx::Transaction<'_, sqlx::Postgres>,
     p: SecretSnapshotParams<'_>,
 ) -> Result<()> {
-    let actor = std::env::var("USER").unwrap_or_default();
+    let actor = current_actor();
     sqlx::query(
         "INSERT INTO secrets_history \
-         (entry_id, secret_id, entry_version, field_name, field_type, value_len, encrypted, action, actor) \
-         VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5, $6, $7, $8, $9)",
+         (entry_id, secret_id, entry_version, field_name, encrypted, action, actor) \
+         VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5, $6, $7)",
     )
     .bind(p.entry_id)
     .bind(p.secret_id)
     .bind(p.entry_version)
     .bind(p.field_name)
-    .bind(p.field_type)
-    .bind(p.value_len)
     .bind(p.encrypted)
     .bind(p.action)
     .bind(&actor)

src/main.rs

@@ -7,6 +7,11 @@ mod models;
 mod output;
 
 use anyhow::Result;
+
+/// Load .env from current or parent directories (best-effort, no error if missing).
+fn load_dotenv() {
+    let _ = dotenvy::dotenv();
+}
 use clap::{Parser, Subcommand};
 use tracing_subscriber::EnvFilter;
 
@@ -76,25 +81,25 @@ EXAMPLES:
   # Add a server
   secrets add -n refining --kind server --name my-server \\
     --tag aliyun --tag shanghai \\
-    -m ip=47.117.131.22 -m desc=\"Aliyun Shanghai ECS\" \\
+    -m ip=10.0.0.1 -m desc=\"Example ECS\" \\
     -s username=root -s ssh_key=@./keys/server.pem
 
   # Add a service credential
   secrets add -n refining --kind service --name gitea \\
     --tag gitea \\
-    -m url=https://gitea.refining.dev -m default_org=refining \\
+    -m url=https://code.example.com -m default_org=myorg \\
     -s token=<token>
 
   # Add typed JSON metadata
   secrets add -n refining --kind service --name gitea \\
     -m port:=3000 \\
     -m enabled:=true \\
-    -m domains:='[\"gitea.refining.dev\",\"git.refining.dev\"]' \\
+    -m domains:='[\"code.example.com\",\"git.example.com\"]' \\
     -m tls:='{\"enabled\":true,\"redirect_http\":true}'
 
   # Add with token read from a file
   secrets add -n ricnsmart --kind service --name mqtt \\
-    -m host=mqtt.ricnsmart.com -m port=1883 \\
+    -m host=mqtt.example.com -m port=1883 \\
     -s password=@./mqtt_password.txt
 
   # Add typed JSON secrets
@@ -106,7 +111,13 @@ EXAMPLES:
 
   # Write a multiline file into a nested secret field
   secrets add -n refining --kind server --name my-server \\
-    -s credentials:content@./keys/server.pem")]
+    -s credentials:content@./keys/server.pem
+
+  # Shared PEM (key_ref): store key once, reference from multiple servers
+  secrets add -n refining --kind key --name my-shared-key \\
+    --tag aliyun -s content=@./keys/shared.pem
+  secrets add -n refining --kind server --name i-abc123 \\
+    -m ip=10.0.0.1 -m key_ref=my-shared-key -s username=ecs-user")]
     Add {
         /// Namespace, e.g. refining, ricnsmart
         #[arg(short, long)]
@@ -114,13 +125,14 @@ EXAMPLES:
         /// Kind of record: server, service, key, ...
         #[arg(long)]
         kind: String,
-        /// Human-readable unique name, e.g. gitea, i-uf63f2uookgs5uxmrdyc
+        /// Human-readable unique name, e.g. gitea, i-example0abcd1234efgh
         #[arg(long)]
         name: String,
         /// Tag for categorization (repeatable), e.g. --tag aliyun --tag hongkong
         #[arg(long = "tag")]
         tags: Vec<String>,
-        /// Plaintext metadata: key=value, key:=<json>, key=@file, or nested:path@file
+        /// Plaintext metadata: key=value, key:=<json>, key=@file, or nested:path@file.
+        /// Use key_ref=<name> to reference a shared key entry (kind=key); inject/run merge its secrets.
         #[arg(long = "meta", short = 'm')]
         meta: Vec<String>,
         /// Secret entry: key=value, key:=<json>, key=@file, or nested:path@file
@@ -177,7 +189,7 @@ EXAMPLES:
         /// Filter by kind, e.g. server, service
         #[arg(long)]
         kind: Option<String>,
-        /// Exact name filter, e.g. gitea, i-uf63f2uookgs5uxmrdyc
+        /// Exact name filter, e.g. gitea, i-example0abcd1234efgh
         #[arg(long)]
         name: Option<String>,
         /// Filter by tag, e.g. --tag aliyun (repeatable for AND intersection)
@@ -206,23 +218,39 @@ EXAMPLES:
         output: Option<String>,
     },
 
-    /// Delete a record permanently. Requires exact namespace + kind + name.
+    /// Delete one record precisely, or bulk-delete by namespace.
+    ///
+    /// With --name: deletes exactly that record (--kind also required).
+    /// Without --name: bulk-deletes all records matching namespace + optional --kind.
+    /// Use --dry-run to preview bulk deletes before committing.
     #[command(after_help = "EXAMPLES:
-  # Delete a service credential
+  # Delete a single record (exact match)
   secrets delete -n refining --kind service --name legacy-mqtt
 
-  # Delete a server record
-  secrets delete -n ricnsmart --kind server --name i-old-server-id")]
+  # Preview what a bulk delete would remove (no writes)
+  secrets delete -n refining --dry-run
+
+  # Bulk-delete all records in a namespace
+  secrets delete -n ricnsmart
+
+  # Bulk-delete only server records in a namespace
+  secrets delete -n ricnsmart --kind server
+
+  # JSON output
+  secrets delete -n refining --kind service -o json")]
     Delete {
         /// Namespace, e.g. refining
         #[arg(short, long)]
         namespace: String,
-        /// Kind, e.g. server, service
+        /// Kind filter, e.g. server, service (required with --name; optional for bulk)
         #[arg(long)]
-        kind: String,
-        /// Exact name of the record to delete
+        kind: Option<String>,
+        /// Exact name of the record to delete (omit for bulk delete)
         #[arg(long)]
-        name: String,
+        name: Option<String>,
+        /// Preview what would be deleted without making any changes (bulk mode only)
+        #[arg(long)]
+        dry_run: bool,
         /// Output format: text (default on TTY), json, json-compact
         #[arg(short, long = "output")]
         output: Option<String>,
@@ -266,7 +294,11 @@ EXAMPLES:
   # Update nested typed JSON fields
   secrets update -n refining --kind service --name deploy-bot \\
     -s auth:config:='{\"issuer\":\"gitea\",\"rotate\":true}' \\
-    -s auth:retry:=5")]
+    -s auth:retry:=5
+
+  # Rotate shared PEM (all servers with key_ref=my-shared-key get the new key)
+  secrets update -n refining --kind key --name my-shared-key \\
+    -s content=@./keys/new-shared.pem")]
     Update {
         /// Namespace, e.g. refining, ricnsmart
         #[arg(short, long)]
@@ -283,7 +315,8 @@ EXAMPLES:
         /// Remove a tag (repeatable)
         #[arg(long = "remove-tag")]
         remove_tags: Vec<String>,
-        /// Set or overwrite a metadata field: key=value, key:=<json>, key=@file, or nested:path@file
+        /// Set or overwrite a metadata field: key=value, key:=<json>, key=@file, or nested:path@file.
+        /// Use key_ref=<name> to reference a shared key entry (kind=key).
         #[arg(long = "meta", short = 'm')]
         meta: Vec<String>,
         /// Delete a metadata field by key or nested path, e.g. old_port or credentials:content
@@ -373,7 +406,9 @@ EXAMPLES:
   secrets inject -n refining --kind service --name gitea -o json
 
   # Eval into current shell (use with caution)
-  eval $(secrets inject -n refining --kind service --name gitea)")]
+  eval $(secrets inject -n refining --kind service --name gitea)
+
+  # For entries with metadata.key_ref, referenced key's secrets are merged automatically")]
     Inject {
         #[arg(short, long)]
         namespace: Option<String>,
@@ -403,7 +438,9 @@ EXAMPLES:
   secrets run --tag production -- env | grep GITEA
 
   # With prefix
-  secrets run -n refining --kind service --name gitea --prefix GITEA -- printenv")]
+  secrets run -n refining --kind service --name gitea --prefix GITEA -- printenv
+
+  # metadata.key_ref entries get key secrets merged (e.g. server + shared PEM)")]
     Run {
         #[arg(short, long)]
         namespace: Option<String>,
@@ -423,8 +460,8 @@ EXAMPLES:
 
     /// Check for a newer version and update the binary in-place.
     ///
-    /// Downloads the latest release from Gitea and replaces the current binary.
-    /// No database connection or master key required.
+    /// Downloads the latest release and replaces the current binary. No database connection or master key required.
+    /// Release URL defaults to the upstream server; override via SECRETS_UPGRADE_URL for self-hosted or fork.
     #[command(after_help = "EXAMPLES:
   # Check for updates only (no download)
   secrets upgrade --check
@@ -436,6 +473,83 @@ EXAMPLES:
         #[arg(long)]
         check: bool,
     },
+
+    /// Export records to a file (JSON, TOML, or YAML).
+    ///
+    /// Decrypts and exports all matched records. Requires master key unless --no-secrets is used.
+    #[command(after_help = "EXAMPLES:
+  # Export everything to JSON
+  secrets export --file backup.json
+
+  # Export a specific namespace to TOML
+  secrets export -n refining --file refining.toml
+
+  # Export a specific kind
+  secrets export -n refining --kind service --file services.yaml
+
+  # Export by tag
+  secrets export --tag production --file prod.json
+
+  # Export schema only (no decryption needed)
+  secrets export --no-secrets --file schema.json
+
+  # Print to stdout in YAML
+  secrets export -n refining --format yaml")]
+    Export {
+        /// Filter by namespace
+        #[arg(short, long)]
+        namespace: Option<String>,
+        /// Filter by kind, e.g. server, service
+        #[arg(long)]
+        kind: Option<String>,
+        /// Exact name filter
+        #[arg(long)]
+        name: Option<String>,
+        /// Filter by tag (repeatable)
+        #[arg(long)]
+        tag: Vec<String>,
+        /// Fuzzy keyword search
+        #[arg(short, long)]
+        query: Option<String>,
+        /// Output file path (format inferred from extension: .json / .toml / .yaml / .yml)
+        #[arg(long)]
+        file: Option<String>,
+        /// Explicit format: json, toml, or yaml (overrides file extension; required for stdout)
+        #[arg(long)]
+        format: Option<String>,
+        /// Omit secrets from output (no master key required)
+        #[arg(long)]
+        no_secrets: bool,
+    },
+
+    /// Import records from a file (JSON, TOML, or YAML).
+    ///
+    /// Reads an export file and inserts or updates entries. Requires master key to re-encrypt secrets.
+    #[command(after_help = "EXAMPLES:
+  # Import a JSON backup (conflict = error by default)
+  secrets import backup.json
+
+  # Import and overwrite existing records
+  secrets import --force refining.toml
+
+  # Preview what would be imported (no writes)
+  secrets import --dry-run backup.yaml
+
+  # JSON output for the import summary
+  secrets import backup.json -o json")]
+    Import {
+        /// Input file path (format inferred from extension: .json / .toml / .yaml / .yml)
+        file: String,
+        /// Overwrite existing records on conflict (default: error and abort)
+        #[arg(long)]
+        force: bool,
+        /// Preview operations without writing to the database
+        #[arg(long)]
+        dry_run: bool,
+        /// Output format: text (default on TTY), json, json-compact
+        #[arg(short, long = "output")]
+        output: Option<String>,
+    },
 }
 
 #[derive(Subcommand)]
@@ -453,6 +567,7 @@ enum ConfigAction {
 
 #[tokio::main]
 async fn main() -> Result<()> {
+    load_dotenv();
     let cli = Cli::parse();
 
     let filter = if cli.verbose {
@@ -557,12 +672,23 @@ async fn main() -> Result<()> {
             namespace,
             kind,
             name,
+            dry_run,
             output,
         } => {
             let _span =
-                tracing::info_span!("cmd", command = "delete", %namespace, %kind, %name).entered();
+                tracing::info_span!("cmd", command = "delete", %namespace, ?kind, ?name).entered();
             let out = resolve_output_mode(output.as_deref())?;
-            commands::delete::run(&pool, &namespace, &kind, &name, out).await?;
+            commands::delete::run(
+                &pool,
+                commands::delete::DeleteArgs {
+                    namespace: &namespace,
+                    kind: kind.as_deref(),
+                    name: name.as_deref(),
+                    dry_run,
+                    output: out,
+                },
+            )
+            .await?;
         }
 
         Commands::Update {
@@ -608,7 +734,17 @@ async fn main() -> Result<()> {
             output,
         } => {
             let out = resolve_output_mode(output.as_deref())?;
-            commands::rollback::list_history(&pool, &namespace, &kind, &name, limit, out).await?;
+            commands::history::run(
+                &pool,
+                commands::history::HistoryArgs {
+                    namespace: &namespace,
+                    kind: &kind,
+                    name: &name,
+                    limit,
+                    output: out,
+                },
+            )
+            .await?;
         }
 
         Commands::Rollback {
@@ -682,6 +818,61 @@ async fn main() -> Result<()> {
             )
             .await?;
         }
+
+        Commands::Export {
+            namespace,
+            kind,
+            name,
+            tag,
+            query,
+            file,
+            format,
+            no_secrets,
+        } => {
+            let master_key = if no_secrets {
+                None
+            } else {
+                Some(crypto::load_master_key()?)
+            };
+            let _span = tracing::info_span!("cmd", command = "export").entered();
+            commands::export_cmd::run(
+                &pool,
+                commands::export_cmd::ExportArgs {
+                    namespace: namespace.as_deref(),
+                    kind: kind.as_deref(),
+                    name: name.as_deref(),
+                    tags: &tag,
+                    query: query.as_deref(),
+                    file: file.as_deref(),
+                    format: format.as_deref(),
+                    no_secrets,
+                },
+                master_key.as_ref(),
+            )
+            .await?;
+        }
+
+        Commands::Import {
+            file,
+            force,
+            dry_run,
+            output,
+        } => {
+            let master_key = crypto::load_master_key()?;
+            let _span = tracing::info_span!("cmd", command = "import").entered();
+            let out = resolve_output_mode(output.as_deref())?;
+            commands::import_cmd::run(
+                &pool,
+                commands::import_cmd::ImportArgs {
+                    file: &file,
+                    force,
+                    dry_run,
+                    output: out,
+                },
+                &master_key,
+            )
+            .await?;
+        }
     }
 
     Ok(())

src/models.rs

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 use chrono::{DateTime, Utc};
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use serde_json::Value;
+use std::collections::BTreeMap;
 use uuid::Uuid;
 
 /// A top-level entry (server, service, key, …).
@@ -19,20 +20,192 @@ pub struct Entry {
 }
 
 /// A single encrypted field belonging to an Entry.
-/// field_name, field_type, and value_len are stored in plaintext so that
-/// `search` can show the schema without requiring the master key.
 #[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize, sqlx::FromRow)]
 pub struct SecretField {
     pub id: Uuid,
     pub entry_id: Uuid,
     pub field_name: String,
-    /// Inferred type: "string", "number", "boolean", "json"
-    pub field_type: String,
-    /// Length of the plaintext value in characters (0 for binary-like PEM)
-    pub value_len: i32,
     /// AES-256-GCM ciphertext: nonce(12B) || ciphertext+tag
     pub encrypted: Vec<u8>,
     pub version: i64,
     pub created_at: DateTime<Utc>,
     pub updated_at: DateTime<Utc>,
 }
+
+// ── Internal query row types (shared across commands) ─────────────────────────
+
+/// Minimal entry row fetched for write operations (add / update / delete / rollback).
+#[derive(Debug, sqlx::FromRow)]
+pub struct EntryRow {
+    pub id: Uuid,
+    pub version: i64,
+    pub tags: Vec<String>,
+    pub metadata: Value,
+}
+
+/// Minimal secret field row fetched before snapshots or cascade deletes.
+#[derive(Debug, sqlx::FromRow)]
+pub struct SecretFieldRow {
+    pub id: Uuid,
+    pub field_name: String,
+    pub encrypted: Vec<u8>,
+}
+
+// ── Export / Import types ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+/// Supported file formats for export/import.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq)]
+pub enum ExportFormat {
+    Json,
+    Toml,
+    Yaml,
+}
+
+impl ExportFormat {
+    /// Infer format from file extension (.json / .toml / .yaml / .yml).
+    pub fn from_extension(path: &str) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
+        let ext = path.rsplit('.').next().unwrap_or("").to_lowercase();
+        Self::from_str(&ext).map_err(|_| {
+            anyhow::anyhow!(
+                "Cannot infer format from extension '.{}'. Use --format json|toml|yaml",
+                ext
+            )
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Parse from --format CLI value.
+    pub fn from_str(s: &str) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
+        match s.to_lowercase().as_str() {
+            "json" => Ok(Self::Json),
+            "toml" => Ok(Self::Toml),
+            "yaml" | "yml" => Ok(Self::Yaml),
+            other => anyhow::bail!("Unknown format '{}'. Expected: json, toml, or yaml", other),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Serialize ExportData to a string in this format.
+    pub fn serialize(&self, data: &ExportData) -> anyhow::Result<String> {
+        match self {
+            Self::Json => Ok(serde_json::to_string_pretty(data)?),
+            Self::Toml => {
+                let toml_val = json_to_toml_value(&serde_json::to_value(data)?)?;
+                toml::to_string_pretty(&toml_val)
+                    .map_err(|e| anyhow::anyhow!("TOML serialization failed: {}", e))
+            }
+            Self::Yaml => serde_yaml::to_string(data)
+                .map_err(|e| anyhow::anyhow!("YAML serialization failed: {}", e)),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Deserialize ExportData from a string in this format.
+    pub fn deserialize(&self, content: &str) -> anyhow::Result<ExportData> {
+        match self {
+            Self::Json => Ok(serde_json::from_str(content)?),
+            Self::Toml => {
+                let toml_val: toml::Value = toml::from_str(content)
+                    .map_err(|e| anyhow::anyhow!("TOML parse error: {}", e))?;
+                let json_val = toml_to_json_value(&toml_val);
+                Ok(serde_json::from_value(json_val)?)
+            }
+            Self::Yaml => serde_yaml::from_str(content)
+                .map_err(|e| anyhow::anyhow!("YAML parse error: {}", e)),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Top-level structure for export/import files.
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct ExportData {
+    pub version: u32,
+    pub exported_at: String,
+    pub entries: Vec<ExportEntry>,
+}
+
+/// A single entry with decrypted secrets for export/import.
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct ExportEntry {
+    pub namespace: String,
+    pub kind: String,
+    pub name: String,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub tags: Vec<String>,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub metadata: Value,
+    /// Decrypted secret fields. None means no secrets in this export (--no-secrets).
+    #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub secrets: Option<BTreeMap<String, Value>>,
+}
+
+// ── TOML ↔ JSON value conversion ──────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+/// Convert a serde_json Value to a toml Value.
+/// `null` values are filtered out (TOML does not support null).
+/// Mixed-type arrays are serialised as JSON strings.
+pub fn json_to_toml_value(v: &Value) -> anyhow::Result<toml::Value> {
+    match v {
+        Value::Null => anyhow::bail!("TOML does not support null values"),
+        Value::Bool(b) => Ok(toml::Value::Boolean(*b)),
+        Value::Number(n) => {
+            if let Some(i) = n.as_i64() {
+                Ok(toml::Value::Integer(i))
+            } else if let Some(f) = n.as_f64() {
+                Ok(toml::Value::Float(f))
+            } else {
+                anyhow::bail!("unsupported number: {}", n)
+            }
+        }
+        Value::String(s) => Ok(toml::Value::String(s.clone())),
+        Value::Array(arr) => {
+            let items: anyhow::Result<Vec<toml::Value>> =
+                arr.iter().map(json_to_toml_value).collect();
+            match items {
+                Ok(vals) => Ok(toml::Value::Array(vals)),
+                Err(e) => {
+                    tracing::debug!(error = %e, "mixed-type array; falling back to JSON string");
+                    Ok(toml::Value::String(serde_json::to_string(v)?))
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        Value::Object(map) => {
+            let mut toml_map = toml::map::Map::new();
+            for (k, val) in map {
+                if val.is_null() {
+                    // Skip null entries
+                    continue;
+                }
+                match json_to_toml_value(val) {
+                    Ok(tv) => {
+                        toml_map.insert(k.clone(), tv);
+                    }
+                    Err(e) => {
+                        tracing::debug!(key = %k, error = %e, "field not representable in TOML; falling back to JSON string");
+                        toml_map
+                            .insert(k.clone(), toml::Value::String(serde_json::to_string(val)?));
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            Ok(toml::Value::Table(toml_map))
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Convert a toml Value back to a serde_json Value.
+pub fn toml_to_json_value(v: &toml::Value) -> Value {
+    match v {
+        toml::Value::Boolean(b) => Value::Bool(*b),
+        toml::Value::Integer(i) => Value::Number((*i).into()),
+        toml::Value::Float(f) => serde_json::Number::from_f64(*f)
+            .map(Value::Number)
+            .unwrap_or(Value::Null),
+        toml::Value::String(s) => Value::String(s.clone()),
+        toml::Value::Datetime(dt) => Value::String(dt.to_string()),
+        toml::Value::Array(arr) => Value::Array(arr.iter().map(toml_to_json_value).collect()),
+        toml::Value::Table(map) => {
+            let obj: serde_json::Map<String, Value> = map
+                .iter()
+                .map(|(k, v)| (k.clone(), toml_to_json_value(v)))
+                .collect();
+            Value::Object(obj)
+        }
+    }
+}

src/output.rs

@@ -50,3 +50,16 @@ pub fn format_local_time(dt: DateTime<Utc>) -> String {
         .format("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S %:z")
         .to_string()
 }
+
+/// Print a JSON value to stdout in the requested output mode.
+/// - `Json`        → pretty-printed
+/// - `JsonCompact` → single line
+/// - `Text`        → no-op (caller is responsible for the text branch)
+pub fn print_json(value: &serde_json::Value, mode: &OutputMode) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    match mode {
+        OutputMode::Json => println!("{}", serde_json::to_string_pretty(value)?),
+        OutputMode::JsonCompact => println!("{}", serde_json::to_string(value)?),
+        OutputMode::Text => {}
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}

test-fixtures/example-key.pem

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+-----BEGIN EXAMPLE KEY PLACEHOLDER-----
+This file is for local dev/testing. Replace with a real key when needed.
+-----END EXAMPLE KEY PLACEHOLDER-----